Voiced velar fricative

A voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, Template:Angbr, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar Template:Angbr IPA, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings<ref>Such as Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt.</ref> use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol Template:Angbr IPA is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: Template:IPA or Template:IPA. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, Template:IPA.

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

Features

Features of a voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		Template:Lang/Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'leaf'
Adyghe		Template:Lang/Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'tree'
Albanian	Arbëresh Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tall'
Alekano		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'cucumber'
Aleut		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'with'
Angor		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'brother'
Angas		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to pick up'
Arabic	Modern StandardTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang/Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'strange'	May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.Template:Sfnp See Arabic phonology
	Baghdad Jewish Arabic	Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration)	Template:IPA	'army'
Aragonese		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'water'	Allophone of Template:IPA
Aromanian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'well'	Allophone of Template:IPA
Aramaic	Eastern	Template:Lang Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'body'	Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants.
	Western		Template:IPA
Asturian		gadañu	Template:IPA	'scythe'	Allophone of Template:IPA in almost all positions
Azerbaijani	Northern	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'son'
	Southern	Template:Lang/oğul
BasqueTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'wing'	Allophone of Template:IPA
Belarusian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'head'
Brahui		Template:Lang/ġurring	Template:IPA	'to growl'	See Brahui language#Phonology.
Breton		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'daughter'
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'liking'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of Template:IPA. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'his/her/its blood'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Chechen		гӀала / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'town'
Czech		bych byl	Template:IPA	'I would be'	Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather Template:IPA
Dàgáárè		[[[:Template:IPA]]]		'woman'	May be realized with features closer to a velar tap Template:IPA (a sound previously considered impossible according to the IPA chart), based on acoustic analysis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Dinka		ɣo	Template:IPA	'us'
Dogrib		Template:LangTemplate:Clarify	Template:IPA	'for'
Dutch	Standard Belgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="cm">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'satisfaction'	Often (partially) devoiced.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> May be post-palatal Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name="cm" /> See Dutch phonology
	Southern accents<ref name="cm" />
English	Scouse	Template:Lang	[ɣrɑ:s]	'grass'	Allophone of Template:IPA. See British English phonology<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
	Northumbrian	Template:Example needed			Burr<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang/ğaribi	Template:IPA	'poor'	May actually be post-velar or uvular
German<ref name="Krech">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Moosmueller">Template:Cite web</ref>	Austrian	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'red'	Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA in casual speech.<ref name="Krech" /><ref name="Moosmueller" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> See Standard German phonology
Ghari		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'five'
Greek		γάλα/gála	Template:IPA	'milk'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati		વાઘણ/vāġaṇ	Template:IPA	'tigress'	See Gujarati phonology
Gweno		ndeghe	Template:IPA	'bird'
Gwich’in		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rice'
Hän		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'I am playing'
Hebrew	Classical	Template:Lang/miğdol	Template:IPA	'[a] tower'
	Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing Template:IPA)	Template:Lang/shomer	Template:IPA	'[a male] guard', '[he] guards'	Template:IPA by other Modern speakers
Hindustani	HindiTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'poor'	Post-velar,Template:Sfnp conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with Template:IPA. See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	Template:Lang
Icelandic		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'saga'	See Icelandic phonology
Irish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'his fist'	See Irish phonology
Istro-RomanianTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'mouth'	Corresponds to Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Fix in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja		Template:IPA		'hermit crab'
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang/Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'baldness'	Allophone of Template:IPA, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish		gato	[ˈɣ̞ato̪]<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	'cat'
	Haketia	gher	[ɣeɾ]	'only'	appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Kabardian		гын/gyn	Template:Audio-IPA	'powder'
Komering		harong	Template:IPA	'charcoal'
Lezgian		Template:Lang/ğel	Template:IPA	'sleigh'
Lhaovo	Dago’	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'water'
	Yunnan		Template:IPA
Limburgish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'quick'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan	Urmi Dialect	עוטג/otogh	Template:IPA	'room'	Generally post-velar
Lithuanian		humoras	Template:IPA	'humor'	Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Low German<ref>R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960</ref>		gaan	Template:IPA	'to go'	Increasingly replaced with High German Template:IPA
Macedonian	Berovo accent	Template:Lang/duvna	Template:IPA	'it blew'	Corresponds to etymological Template:IPA of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
	Bukovo accent	Template:Lang/glava	Template:IPA	'head'	Allophone of Template:IPA instead of usual Template:IPAblink. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Malay	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'dialect'	Used in loanwords from Arabic that contain the sound. Replaced with Template:IPAslink by Indonesian speakers. See Malay phonology
	Johor-Riau	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'crowded (with people)'	Corresponds to prevocalic and intervocalic Template:IPAslink in Standard Malay and to uvular Template:IPAslink in certain other Malay varieties such as Kedah Malay. Silent in word-final position.
	Negeri Sembilan
	Kelantan-Pattani		Template:IPA
	Terengganu
	Pahang		Template:IPA
	Sarawak		Template:IPA		Varies with uvular Template:IPAblink. See Sarawak Malay
Malto		पेद़ग़े/peðġe	Template:IPA	'to break open'	See Malto#Phonology.
Mandarin Chinese	Central Mandarin (Dongping dialect)	Template:Lang/ngǎn	Template:IPA	'I'
Mi'kmaq		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'weir'	Allophone of Template:IPA between sonorants. See Template:Section link.
Navajo		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'best'
Neapolitan	Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect)	chiahäte	Template:IPA<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:ISBN?</ref>	'wounded'	Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
Nepali		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'paper'	Allophone of Template:IPA and Template:IPA in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect		Template:IPA	'sun'
Northern Qiang		hhnesh	Template:IPA	'February'
Norwegian	Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to have'	Possible allophone of Template:IPA between two back vowels; can be voiceless Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Gascon	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Okanagan		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Sparrow hawk'
Pashto		غاتر/ğatër	Template:IPA	'mule'
Pela		Template:IPA		'to rain'
Persian		باغ/bāq	Template:IPA	'garden'
Polish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'let' (imperative particle)	Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese	EuropeanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'now'	Allophone of Template:IPA. See Portuguese phonology
	Some Brazilian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	mármore	Template:IPA	'marble', 'sill'	Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to Template:IPA, itself allophone of Template:IPA) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/ġarib	Template:IPA	'poor'	Less frequent in Gurmukhi varieties where it may be replaced by Template:IPA.
	Shahmukhi	Template:Lang/ġarīb
Romani		γoines	Template:IPA	'good'
Russian	Southern	дорога/doroga	Template:IPA	'road'	Corresponds to Template:IPA in standard
	Standard	угу/ugu	Template:IPA	'uh-huh'	Usually nasal, Template:IPA is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
		Template:Lang / goroh že	Template:IPA	'the peas'	Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants.<ref>Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
Sakha		Template:Lang/ağa	Template:IPA	'father'
Sardinian	Nuorese dialect	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to suck'	Allophone of Template:IPA
Scottish Gaelic		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'lawful'	More advanced than other velars. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian<ref name="Landau67">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'of these would'	Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants.<ref name="Landau67" /> See Serbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karen		Template:Lang/ghei	Template:IPA	'good'
Sindhi		Template:Lang/ġamu	Template:IPA	'sadness'
Slovak		bäch bäl	Template:IPA	'I could be'	Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants. See Slovak phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather Template:IPA
Slovene	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to the mountain'	Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
	Some dialects	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'crate'	Corresponds to Template:IPA in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
Spanish		amigo	Template:IPA	'friend'	Ranges from close fricative to approximant.<ref>Phonetic studies such as Template:Harvcoltxt have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization</ref> Allophone of Template:IPA, see Spanish phonology
	Standard EuropeanTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Predrag'	Also described as an approximant. Allophone of Template:IPA before a pause.Template:Sfnp See Spanish phonology
Swahili		ghali	Template:IPA	'expensive'
Swedish	Västerbotten Norrland dialects	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'me'	Allophone of Template:IPA. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Here also Template:IPA in Kalix.
Tadaksahak		zog	Template:IPA	'war'
Tajik		Template:Lang/cafs	Template:IPA	'thick'
Tamazight		aɣilas (aghilas)	Template:IPA	'leopard'
Tamil	Sri Lankan Tamil	பகை/pakai	Template:IPA	'hate'	Intervocalic singular /k/ has debuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h]<ref> Template:Cite book</ref>
Turkish	Non-standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tree'	Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
Tutchone	Northern	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tooth'
	Southern	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'baby'
Tyap		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to hurry'
Ukrainian		чахохбі́лі	[tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i]	‘chakhokhbili’	Occurs in specific rare cases only.
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rain'	Post-velar.Template:Sfnp
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'chair'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to carry'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Wu Chinese	Northern Wu (Template:Ill)	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to join'
Xiang Chinese	Old Xiang (Template:Ill)	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Hunan (province)'
Yi		Template:Lang/Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'win'
Zhuang		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Wild duckling'

See also

• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiceless velar fricative
• Guttural

References

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External links

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