Voiceless velar fricative

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA

A voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English, e.g. in loch, broch or saugh (willow).

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, the Latin letter x. It is also used in broad transcription instead of the symbol Template:Angbr IPA, the Greek chi, for the voiceless uvular fricative.

There is also a voiceless post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages, which can be transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA. For voiceless pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiceless palatal fricative.

Features

Voiceless velar fricative (x)

Features of a voiceless velar fricative:

Template:Fricative Template:Velar Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

A voiceless velar fricative and its labialized variety are postulated to have occurred in Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of the Germanic languages, as the reflex of the Proto-Indo-European voiceless palatal and velar stops and the labialized voiceless velar stop. Thus Proto-Indo-European {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "horn" and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "what" became Proto-Germanic *hurnan and *hwat, where *h and *hw were likely {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. This sound change is part of Grimm's law.

In Modern Greek, a voiceless velar fricative originated from the Ancient Greek voiceless aspirated stop {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in a sound change that lenited all Greek aspirated stops to fricatives.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abaza lang}} /xzë main}} 'name'
Adyghe lang}} /xë Template:Audio-IPA 'six'
Afrikaans lang}} main}} 'big'
Albanian lang}} main}} 'language' main}}. See Albanian phonology
Aleut Atkan dialect lang}} main}} 'two'
Arabic Modern Standard lang}} main}} 'green' (f.) May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.Template:Sfnp See Arabic phonology
Assamese lang}} main}} 'Assamese'
Assyrian lang}} main}} 'five'
Avar lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'belly'
Azerbaijani lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'pleasant'
Basque Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to eat' Either velar or post-velar.Template:Sfnp For other speakers it's {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Blackfoot<ref name="nlguide2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / Template:Transliteration || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'my grandparents' || Sometimes /x/ becomes allophone /h/ in beginning of words like "hánnia!" Really! Or becomes allphone /ç/ after i/ii like ihkitsika seven.

BrahuiTemplate:Sfnp ﺧﻦ/xan main}} 'eye' Corresponds to /x/ in Kurukh and /q/ in Malto.
Breton lang}} main}} 'our dog'
Bulgarian lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'quietly' main}}).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Catalan lang}} main}} 'kharja' Found in loanwords and interjections. See Catalan phonology
Chechen lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'time'
Chinese Mandarin lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'river' See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech lang}} main}} 'guy' See Czech phonology
Danish Southern Jutlandic lang}} [ˈkʰaːx] 'cake' See Sønderjysk dialect
Dutch Standard Belgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="cm">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'deny' May be post-palatal Template:IPAblink instead. In dialects spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal the corresponding sound is a postvelar-uvular fricative trill Template:IPAblink.<ref name="cm"/> See Dutch phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Southern Netherlands accents<ref name="cm"/><ref name="gus">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
English Scottish loch main}} 'loch' Younger speakers may merge this sound with Template:IPAslink.<ref name=glaswegian>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> See Scottish English phonology

Irish lough main}} 'lough' Occurs only in Gaelic borrowings. See Irish English phonology
Scouse<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> book main}} 'book' main}} (lenition).
Esperanto lang}} main}} 'monk' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian lang}} main}} 'yes' main}}. See Estonian phonology
Eyak lang}} main}} 'traps'
Finnish lang}} main}} 'coffee' main}}. See Finnish phonology
French lang}} main}} 'jota' Occurs only in loanwords (from Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, etc.). See French phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'stick'
German lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'book' See Standard German phonology
Greek lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'art' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew Biblical lang}}/Michael main}} 'Michael' See Biblical Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi lang}}/xuśī {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'happiness' Occurs only in loanwords. May be replaced in Hindi with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Can be retracted. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu lang}}/xuśī
Hungarian lang}} main}} 'with a shah' See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic lang}} main}} 'October' See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian lang}} main}} 'typical' Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k] by some Indonesians. See Indonesian phonology
Irish lang}} main}} 'drink' See Irish phonology
Japanese lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'Mach' main}}.<ref name="Japanese">Template:Cite journal</ref> See Japanese phonology
Kabardian lang}} / khy Template:Audio-IPA 'sea'
Kazakh lang}} main}} 'prince'
Korean lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'bargaining' main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Korean phonology
Kurdish lang}} main}} 'house' See Kurdish phonology
KurukhTemplate:Sfnp कुँड़ुख़/kũṛux main}} 'Kurukh' Corresponds to /x/ in Brahui and /q/ in Malto.
Limburgish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'air' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Lishan Didan Urmi Dialect חלבא / xalwa main}} 'milk' Generally post-velar
Lithuanian lang}} main}} 'choir' Occurs only in loanwords (usually international words)
Lojban lang}} main}} 'letter'
Macedonian lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'Ohrid' See Macedonian phonology
Malay اﺧير / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'last', 'end' Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k]. See Malay phonology
Manx lang}} main}} 'easy'
Nepali lang}}/ā̃khā main}} 'eye' main}}. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'hate' main}} near back vowels; can be voiced Template:IPAblink between two voiced sounds.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Pashto lang}} / axta main}} 'occupied' See Pashto phonology
Persian lang}} / doxtär main}} 'daughter' See Persian phonology
PolishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'bread' Also (in great majority of dialects) represented orthographically by Template:Angbr. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Fluminense lang}} main}} 'art' In free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink before voiceless consonants
General BrazilianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'rose' main}}. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi lang}}/xabar {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'news' Less frequent and may merge with /kʰ/ in Gurmukhi varieties.
Shahmukhi lang}}/xabar
Romanian lang}} main}} 'patronal feast of a church' main}}. See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'good' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic<ref>Oftedal, M. (1956) The Gaelic of Leurbost. Oslo. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.</ref> lang}} main}} 'bridge' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'oak' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak lang}} main}} 'guy'
Slovene Standard lang}} main}} 'greed' See Slovene phonology
Some dialects lang}} main}} 'god' main}} before voiceless obstruents or pause. See Slovene phonology
Somali lang}} main}} 'ink' Also occurs allophone of /q/ in Arabic loan words. See Somali phonology
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Latin AmericanTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'eye' May be glottal instead;Template:Sfnp in northern and central Spain it is often post-velarTemplate:Sfnp<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>Template:Sfnp or uvular /χ/.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Spanish phonology
Southern SpainTemplate:Sfnp
Sylheti lang}}/xobor main}} 'news'
Tachelhit ixf [ixf] 'head'
Taqbaylit axaṭar [ɑχɑtˤɑr] 'because'
Tagalog lang}} main}} 'why' main}} in intervocalic positions. See Tagalog phonology
Tamil Brahmin Tamil, Sri Lankan Tamil (non-standard) பகை/pakai main}} 'hate' Intervocalic singular /k/ has debuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h]<ref> Template:Cite book</ref>
TodaTemplate:Sfnp pax main}} 'smoke'
Turkish<ref name="gk6">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'linden' main}}.<ref name="gk6"/> See Turkish phonology
Turkmen lang}} main}} 'cunning' (noun)
Tyap lang}} main}} 1. 'calabash'; 2. 'prostitute'
Xhosa lang}} main}} 'to cancel'
Ukrainian lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'boy' See Ukrainian phonology
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'last' Post-velar. Occurs in environments different from word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is pre-velar.Template:Sfnp
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'no', 'not', 'zero' See Vietnamese phonology
Yaghan lang}} main}} 'here'
Yi lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'good'
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'better' Used primarily in loanwords from Spanish

See also

Notes

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References

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