Voiceless uvular fricative

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA

A voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is either a Latin or Greek-style chi, Template:Angbr IPA. The historical IPA symbol for this sound was Template:Angbr IPA, a turned small capital R, and was officially changed to Template:Angbr IPA in 1928.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> In Americanist phonetic notation the sound is represented by Template:Angbr (ex with underdot), or sometimes by Template:Angle bracket (ex with caron). In broad transcription it may be transcribed Template:Angbr IPA, or Template:Angbr IPA if rhotic.

Features

Features of a voiceless uvular fricative:

Template:Fricative Template:Uvular Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans<ref name="wellsblog">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref name="bowerman">Template:Harvcoltxt: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (see Template:Harvcoltxt), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}} rather than the velar."</ref>

lang}} main}} 'good' Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.<ref name="wellsblog"/> See Afrikaans phonology.
Armenian lang}} Template:Transliteration main}} 'game'
AzerbaijaniTemplate:Citation needed lang}} main}} 'pin' Colloquial pronunciation of word-final q.
Breton Some speakers lang}} main}} 'six'
Chuvash lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'guest'
Danish StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'pressure' main}}, aspiration of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is realized as devoicing of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp Usually transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Danish phonology.
English ScouseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'clock' Possible word-final realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.Template:Sfnp
neck main}} 'neck'
WelshTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'Amlwch' Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh;Template:Sfnp usually transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See English phonology
White South African<ref name="bowerman"/>Template:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'insect' Less commonly velar Template:IPAblink, occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and Khoisan.<ref name="bowerman"/> Usually transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See White South African English phonology and English phonology.
French lang}} main}} 'very' main}} in contact with voiceless consonants. See French phonology
German Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, footnote 7, citing Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'roof' Appears only after certain back vowels. See Standard German phonology
Chemnitz dialectTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'skirt' In free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Does not occur in coda.Template:Sfnp
Lower RhineTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'hosts' In free variation with Template:IPAblink between a vowel and a voiceless coronal consonant.
HebrewTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'king' Usually a fricative trill.Template:Sfnp See Modern Hebrew phonology.
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'train' See Luxembourgish phonology.
Portuguese General BrazilianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'rupture' (noun) main}}. See Portuguese phonology.
RipuarianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'eight' main}} after back vowels. Fronted to Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink after front vowels and consonants.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp It may be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Colognian phonology, Kerkrade dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Spanish Ponce dialect<ref name="Ponce">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

lang}} main}} 'dog' This and Template:IPAblink are the primary realizations of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in this dialect.<ref name="Ponce"/> See Spanish phonology.
Tlingit lang}} main}} 'from, out of' Occurs plain, labialised, ejective, and labialised ejective.
Turkmen lang}} main}} 'snow'
Welsh lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'six' See Welsh phonology.
Yiddish<ref name="wellsblog"/> lang}} Template:Transliteration main}} 'I' See Yiddish phonology.

Fricative trill

Template:Infobox IPA Most languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a voiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and Template:IPAblink). Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."

Although they are not normally differentiated in studies, languages in which they have been (Hebrew, Wolof, as well as the northern and central varieties of European Spanish) have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp<ref name="kohler">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfnp The fricative-trill can be transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA (a devoiced and raised uvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (which itself is voiceless at least in Northern Standard Dutch: Template:IPAblink) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian) spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either medio-velar or post-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly Brabantian and Limburgish but excluding Ripuarian and the dialect of Bergen op Zoom), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="cm191">Template:Harvcoltxt. Template:Harvcoltxt have also found that frication is much more commonly in the velar region in dialects and language varieties with "hard G", though they do not distinguish between trilled and non-trilled fricatives in their study.</ref>Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp<ref name="ver94">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Hard and soft G in Dutch for more details.

The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed velar or mediovelar and post-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is Template:Angbr IPA (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.<ref name="kohler"/>Template:Sfnp<ref name="cm191"/>Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans<ref name="wellsblog">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref name="bowerman">Template:Harvcoltxt: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (see Template:Harvcoltxt), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}} rather than the velar."</ref>

lang}} main}} 'good' Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.<ref name="wellsblog"/> See Afrikaans phonology.
ArabicTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Transliteration main}} 'green' (f.) Fricative trill with velar frication.Template:Sfnp May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Arabic phonology
Dutch Standard Northern<ref name="cm191"/>Template:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'eight' Fricative trill with post-velar frication.<ref name="cm191"/> May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Dutch phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
BelgianTemplate:Sfnp<ref name="ver94"/> lang}} main}} 'bread' Voiced when following a vowel.Template:Sfnp Realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
English ScouseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'clock' Possible word-final realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.Template:Sfnp
neck main}} 'neck'
HebrewTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'king' Usually a fricative trill.Template:Sfnp See Modern Hebrew phonology.
Limburgish Some dialectsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'was' main}} that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable codaTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp and word-final.Template:Sfnp May be only partially devoiced; frication may be uvular or post-velar.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Low German Dutch Low Saxon<ref name="cm191"/>Template:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'eight' Fricative trill with post-velar frication;<ref name="cm191"/> voiceless counterpart of Template:IPAslink. May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Hard and soft G in Dutch
Spanish European<ref name="kohler"/>Template:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'eye' Fricative trill; frication is velar in Madrid. Occurs in northern and central varieties.<ref name="kohler"/>Template:Sfnp Most often, it is transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA in IPA. See Spanish phonology.
Upper SorbianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'fault' Fricative trill.Template:Sfnp
West Frisian<ref name="cm191"/>Template:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'mountain' Fricative trill with post-velar frication;<ref name="cm191"/> voiceless counterpart of Template:IPAslink. Never occurs in word-initial positions. May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See West Frisian phonology
WolofTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'grass' Fricative trill.Template:Sfnp

See also

Notes

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References

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