Voiced uvular fricative

A voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, an inverted small uppercase letter Template:Angbr IPA, or in broad transcription Template:Angbr IPA if rhotic. This consonant is one of the several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.

A voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: Template:Angbr IPA, though some writings<ref>Such as Template:Harvcoltxt.</ref> use a superscript Template:Angbr IPA, which is not an official IPA practice.

For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.

Features

Features of a voiced uvular fricative:

Template:Fricative In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation. Template:Uvular Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque,<ref name="Basque">Grammar of Basque, page 30, José Ignacio Hualde, Jon Ortiz De Urbina, Walter de Gruyter, 2003</ref> Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, some variants of Low Saxon,<ref>Ph Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, Anderhalve Eeuw Zwols Vocaalveranderingsprocessen in de periode 1838-1972. IJsselacademie (2012). Template:ISBN</ref> and Yiddish.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative (Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink), voiceless uvular fricative Template:IPA, or glottal transition (Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use Template:Angbr to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.

Template:Harvcoltxt note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

It is also present in most Turkic languages, except for Turkish, and in Caucasian languages. It may also occur as ɣ.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		Template:Lang Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'marten'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		Template:Lang / Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'sun'
Afrikaans	Parts of the former Cape ProvinceTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'red'	May be a trill Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian	Arbëresh Some Moresian accents	vëlla	[vʁa]	'brother'	May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects.
Aleut	Atkan dialect	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to wash'
Arabic	Modern StandardTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'room'	Mostly transcribed as Template:IPA, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.Template:Sfnp See Arabic phonology
Archi<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		Template:Lang Template:Lang	Template:IPA<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	'croak'	Pharyngealized.
Armenian		Template:Lang Template:Transliteration	Template:Audio-IPA	'rudder'
Asturian		Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'cat'	Allophone of Template:IPA. May be an approximant.<ref name="Muñiz Cachon realizacion">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Muñiz Cachon rasgos">Template:Cite journal</ref> See IPA/Astur-Leonese
Avar		Template:Lang / Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'cap'
Azerbaijani	Southern dialects such as in Maragha, Malekan, Binab, Ajab shir and Leylan counties of East Azerbaijan, and Chaharburj, Miyandoab alongside Baruq in West Azerbaijan	yeralma/یئرآلما	[jeʁɑlma]	'potato'	Unlike many of Turkic dialects that have solely adapted the pronunciation of <r> into a voiced alveolar trill, these dialects often use voiced uvular fricative or they might use close-mid back unrounded vowel almost entirely in their speeches as an equivalent of r. it also has to be noted that this is not the same as voiced velar fricative which is to be resembled with ğ .
Bashkir		Template:Lang / Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'nine'
Basque	Northern dialects	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'gold'
Chilcotin		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'he walks'
Danish	Standard<ref name="basb62">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'red'	Most often an approximant when initial.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless Template:IPAblink) or an approximant.<ref name="basb62"/> Also described as pharyngeal Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Dutch<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Collins 2003 39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Goeman 2001 91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Verstraten 2001 51–55">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Belgian Limburg<ref name="Verhoeven">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="VerVan52">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'wheel'	Either a fricative or an approximant.<ref name="Goeman 2001 91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108"/><ref name="Verhoeven"/><ref name="Verstraten 2001 51–55"/><ref name="Collins 2003 39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291"/><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Realization of Template:IPA varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
	Central Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
	East Flanders<ref name="VerVan52"/>
	Northern Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54"/>
	Randstad<ref name="VerVan54"/>
	Southern Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54"/>
English	Dyfed<ref name="Wells390">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'red'	Not all speakers.<ref name="Wells390"/> Alveolar in other Welsh accents.
	Gwynedd<ref name="Wells390"/>
	North-east Leinster<ref>Template:HarvcoltxtTemplate:Page needed</ref>				Corresponds to Template:IPA in other dialects of English in Ireland.
	Northumbrian<ref name="LaMa236">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Ogden93">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>				Described both as a fricative<ref name="LaMa236"/> and an approximant.<ref name="Ogden93"/> More rarely it is a trill Template:IPAblink.<ref name="LaMa236"/> Mostly found in rural areas of Northumberland and northern County Durham, declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr.
	Sierra Leonean<ref name="LaMa236"/>				More rarely a trill Template:IPAblink.<ref name="LaMa236"/>
French		Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'to stay'	See French phonology
German	Standard<ref name="Hall 1993 89">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rust'	Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill. See Standard German phonology
	Lower Rhine<ref name="Hall 1993 89"/>
	Swabian<ref name="Hiller">Template:Cite web</ref>		Template:IPA		An approximant.<ref name="Hiller"/> It is the realization of Template:IPA in onsets,<ref name="Hiller"/> otherwise it is an epiglottal approximant.<ref name="Hiller"/>
Gondi	Hill-Maṛia	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to sing'	Corresponds to /r/ or /ɾ/ in other Gondi dialects.
Hebrew	Modern	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'crow'	See Modern Hebrew phonology.<ref>The pronunciation of the Modern Hebrew consonant ר resh has been described as a uvular approximant Template:IPA, specifically Template:IPA, which also exists in Yiddish, see Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 261-262.</ref>
Inuktitut	East Inuktitut dialect	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'two'
Italian	Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rare'	Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill Template:IPAblink, due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill Template:IPAblink or a labiodental approximant Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology.
Kabardian		Template:Lang / Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'eagle'
Kabyle		Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to dive'
Kazakh		Template:Lang / Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to you'
Kyrgyz		Template:Lang / Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rain'
Lakota		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'bread'
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Parmesan'	Appears as an allophone of Template:IPA between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of Template:IPA between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of Template:IPA (in a complementary distribution with Template:IPAblink), also where it is trilled in the standard language.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Kedah	ramai	Template:IPA	'many'	Corresponds to prevocalic and intervocalic Standard Malay Template:IPA. Word-finally, Standard Malay Template:IPA corresponds to Template:IPAslink in Kedah Malay. See Kedah Malay
	Perak	Perak	Template:IPA	'Perak'	See Malay phonology
MaltoTemplate:Sfnp		पोग़े	Template:IPA	'smoke'	May be a stop Template:IPA instead.
Minangkabau	Kampar dialect<ref name=":8">Template:Cite journal</ref>	boghe	Template:IPA	'rice'
Norwegian	Southern dialects	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'strange'	Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
	Southwestern dialects
Toba qom	Takshek dialect	Awogoyk	[awoʁojk]	'moon'
Tundra Nenets	Some speakers	вара	[waʁa]	'goose'
Ossetic	Iron	æгъгъæд æğğæd	Template:IPA	'enough'
Portuguese	European<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'car'	Word-initial Template:IPA is commonly realized as a uvular trill [ʀ] in Lisbon.Template:Sfnp See Portuguese phonology
	Setubalense<ref name="rhotics of RJ">Template:In lang Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Template:Webarchive. Page 11.</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to ruralize'	Outcome of a merger of Template:IPA with Template:IPA, which is unique in the Lusophone world. Often trilled instead.
	Fluminense<ref name="rhotics of RJ"/><ref>Template:In lang The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Template:Webarchive Page 36.</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'burning feeling'	Due to 19th century Portuguese influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda Template:IPAslink into Template:IPA.<ref>Template:In lang The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 229 and 230.</ref> Often trilled. In free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink before voiced sounds, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink before voiceless consonants
	Sulista	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rice'
Spanish	Puerto Rican	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'car'	Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') Template:IPA are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
	As spoken in Asturias	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'worm'	Most common allophone of Template:IPA. May also be an approximant.<ref name="Muñiz Cachon realizacion"/><ref name="Muñiz Cachon rasgos"/>
Swedish	Southern dialects	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'pipe(s)'	See Swedish phonology
Tatar		Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rain'
Turkmen		Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'heavy'	An allophone of /ɣ/ next to back vowels
Tsez		агъи aɣi	Template:IPA	'bird'
Ubykh		Template:IPA		'his'	Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology
Uyghur		ئۇيغۇر / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Uyghur'
Uzbek		Template:Lang / Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'heavy'
Yakut		Template:Lang Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'nine'
Yi		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'twenty'	A fricative or approximant.
Yiddish		רעגן	[ʁɛɡŋ]	'rain'	See Yiddish phonology
Zhuang		roek	[ʁɔ̌k]	'six'

See also

• Index of phonetics articles
• Guttural

References

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External links

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