Voiced uvular trill

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox IPA

A voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a small capital version of the Latin letter r. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.

Features

Features of a voiced uvular trill:

Template:Trill Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates.Template:Sfnp Template:Uvular Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

File:Uvular rhotics in Europe.png
main}}) in Europe in the mid-20th century.<ref>Map based on Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend

There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one hypothesis, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese, and some of those of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, citing Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt, and Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a voiced uvular fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

The other main hypothesis is that the uvular trill originated within Germanic languages through the weakening and vocalization of the alveolar trill {{#invoke:IPA|main}} toward an open back vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (notable for its pharyngealization), with the uvular trill subsequently emerging as a strengthened articulation of this vocalization. Accordingly, there is ample evidence that the uvular trill existed in German dialects long before the 17th century, suggesting that while the French usage may have influenced its spread, it was not the ultimate origin.Template:Sfnp

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Parts of the former Cape ProvinceTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'red' May be a fricative Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic North Mesopotamian lang}} [ˈqʌmʌʀ] 'moon' Corresponds to [r, ɾ] in most other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Breton Kerneveg lang}} [bʀoː] 'country' Corresponds to [r~ʁ] in standard Breton. See Breton phonology
Catalan Some northern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to run' See Catalan phonology
DutchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Belgian LimburgTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'red' More commonly a flap.Template:Sfnp Uvular pronunciations appear to be gaining ground in the Randstad.Template:Sfnp Realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Central NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp
RandstadTemplate:Sfnp
Southern NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp
Flemish BrabantTemplate:Sfnp More commonly a flap.Template:Sfnp It is one of the least common realizations of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in these areas.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
Northern NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp
West FlandersTemplate:Sfnp
Estonian Some speakers, mostly in Tartu County lang}} [kuʀk] 'cucumber'
English Cape FlatsTemplate:Sfnp red {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'red' main}}; may be {{#invoke:IPA|main}} instead.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
Northumbrian dialectTemplate:Sfnp More often a fricative.Template:Sfnp Dialectal "Northumbrian Burr", mostly found in eastern Northumberland, declining. See English phonology
Sierra LeoneanTemplate:Sfnp More often a fricative.Template:Sfnp
FrenchTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'rendezvous', 'appointment' Dialectal. More commonly an approximant or a fricative Template:IPAblink. See French phonology
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio 'red' In free variation with a voiced uvular fricative and approximant. Can be realized as voiceless after voiceless consonants. See Standard German phonology
Hebrew lang}} main}} 'green' May also be a fricative or approximant. See Modern Hebrew phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'rare' Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill Template:IPAblink, due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Aosta Valley (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a voiced uvular fricative Template:IPAblink or a labiodental approximant Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology.
Japreria peŕo main}} citation CitationClass=web

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Contrasts with flap [ɾ], represented orthographically by ŕ.
Judaeo-Spanish lang}} main}} 'woman', 'wife'
Low Saxon Zwols<ref>The guttural r is used in some other cities in the Low Saxon area as well.</ref><ref>Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel. Zwolle. Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen deel 14 (1982).</ref> lang}} main}} 'prices' Only in the city and its immediate surroundings, not in the area surrounding Zwolle.
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'silence' main}}.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Occitan Eastern lang}} main}} 'oak' main}} 'cured')
Provençal lang}} main}} 'parts' See Occitan phonology
Southern Auvergnat lang}} main}} 'son'
Southeastern Limousin lang}} main}}
Norwegian Southern dialects {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'strange' Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
Southwestern dialects
Portuguese EuropeanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to get scarcer' Alternates with other uvular forms and the older alveolar trill. See Portuguese phonology
Fluminense<ref name=gel>Acoustic analysis of vibrants in Brazilian Portuguese Template:In lang</ref> lang}} main}} 'market', 'fair' Tendency to be replaced by fricative pronunciations. In coda position, it is generally in free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink before non-voicing environments.
Sulista<ref name=gel/> lang}} main}} 'cabbage' Alternates with the alveolar trill and Template:IPAblink depending on the region. Never used in coda.
Romani Some dialects lang}} main}} 'man' main}}. A coronal flap, approximant or trill in other dialects; in some it merges with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Selkup Northern dialects ӄаӄри main}} 'sledge' main}} before liquids
Sioux LakotaTemplate:Sfnp<ref>Lakota Language Consortium (2004). Lakota letters and sounds.</ref> ǧí main}} 'it's brown' main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Sotho Regional variant lang}} main}} 'hair' Imported from French missionaries. See Sesotho phonology
Swedish Southern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'fox' See Swedish phonology
Yiddish Standard<ref name="kleine">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'bridge' More commonly a flap Template:IPAblink; can be alveolar {{#invoke:IPA|main}} instead.<ref name="kleine"/> See Yiddish phonology

Fricative trill

Template:Infobox IPA

Some languages have a voiced uvular fricative trill, which can be represented in the IPA as Template:Angbr IPA. Teuthonista uses Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, the first having stronger frication.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Danish Standard<ref name="basb62">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'red' Most often an approximant when initial.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless Template:IPAblink) or an approximant.<ref name="basb62"/> Also described as pharyngeal Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Limburgish MaastrichtianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'three' Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology
Weert dialectTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}}
West Flemish Bruges dialectTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'under' A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar Template:IPAblink is used in the neighbouring rural area.Template:Sfnp

See also

Notes

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References

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