Voiced uvular trill
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox IPA
A voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a small capital version of the Latin letter r. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.
Features
Features of a voiced uvular trill:
Template:Trill Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates.Template:Sfnp Template:Uvular Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one hypothesis, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese, and some of those of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, citing Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt, and Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a voiced uvular fricative Template:IPA or approximant Template:IPA.
The other main hypothesis is that the uvular trill originated within Germanic languages through the weakening and vocalization of the alveolar trill Template:IPA toward an open back vowel Template:IPA (notable for its pharyngealization), with the uvular trill subsequently emerging as a strengthened articulation of this vocalization. Accordingly, there is ample evidence that the uvular trill existed in German dialects long before the 17th century, suggesting that while the French usage may have influenced its spread, it was not the ultimate origin.Template:Sfnp
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Parts of the former Cape ProvinceTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'red' | May be a fricative Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | North Mesopotamian | Template:Lang | [ˈqʌmʌʀ] | 'moon' | Corresponds to [r, ɾ] in most other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Breton | Kerneveg | Template:Lang | [bʀoː] | 'country' | Corresponds to [r~ʁ] in standard Breton. See Breton phonology |
| Catalan | Some northern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to run' | See Catalan phonology |
| DutchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Belgian LimburgTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'red' | More commonly a flap.Template:Sfnp Uvular pronunciations appear to be gaining ground in the Randstad.Template:Sfnp Realization of Template:IPA varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
| Central NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| RandstadTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| Southern NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| Flemish BrabantTemplate:Sfnp | More commonly a flap.Template:Sfnp It is one of the least common realizations of Template:IPA in these areas.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology | ||||
| Northern NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| West FlandersTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| Estonian | Some speakers, mostly in Tartu County | Template:Lang | [kuʀk] | 'cucumber' | |
| English | Cape FlatsTemplate:Sfnp | red | Template:IPA | 'red' | Possible realization of Template:IPA; may be Template:IPA instead.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology |
| Northumbrian dialectTemplate:Sfnp | More often a fricative.Template:Sfnp Dialectal "Northumbrian Burr", mostly found in eastern Northumberland, declining. See English phonology | ||||
| Sierra LeoneanTemplate:Sfnp | More often a fricative.Template:Sfnp | ||||
| FrenchTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'rendezvous', 'appointment' | Dialectal. More commonly an approximant or a fricative Template:IPAblink. See French phonology | |
| German | StandardTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:Audio | 'red' | In free variation with a voiced uvular fricative and approximant. Can be realized as voiceless after voiceless consonants. See Standard German phonology |
| Hebrew | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'green' | May also be a fricative or approximant. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| ItalianTemplate:Sfnp | Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill Template:IPAblink, due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Aosta Valley (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a voiced uvular fricative Template:IPAblink or a labiodental approximant Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology. |
| Japreria | peŕo | Template:IPA | 'dog'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Contrasts with flap [ɾ], represented orthographically by ŕ. | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'woman', 'wife' | ||
| Low Saxon | Zwols<ref>The guttural r is used in some other cities in the Low Saxon area as well.</ref><ref>Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel. Zwolle. Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen deel 14 (1982).</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'prices' | Only in the city and its immediate surroundings, not in the area surrounding Zwolle. |
| LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'silence' | Prevocalic allophone of Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Occitan | Eastern | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'oak' | Contrasts with alveolar trill (Template:IPA 'cured') |
| Provençal | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'parts' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Southern Auvergnat | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'son' | ||
| Southeastern Limousin | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | |||
| Norwegian | Southern dialects | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'strange' | Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology |
| Southwestern dialects | |||||
| Portuguese | EuropeanTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to get scarcer' | Alternates with other uvular forms and the older alveolar trill. See Portuguese phonology |
| Fluminense<ref name=gel>Acoustic analysis of vibrants in Brazilian Portuguese Template:In lang</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'market', 'fair' | Tendency to be replaced by fricative pronunciations. In coda position, it is generally in free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink before non-voicing environments. | |
| Sulista<ref name=gel/> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'cabbage' | Alternates with the alveolar trill and Template:IPAblink depending on the region. Never used in coda. | |
| Romani | Some dialects | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'man' | Allophone of a descendant of the Indic retroflex set, so often transcribed Template:IPA. A coronal flap, approximant or trill in other dialects; in some it merges with Template:IPA |
| Selkup | Northern dialects | ӄаӄри | Template:IPA | 'sledge' | Allophone of Template:IPA before liquids |
| Sioux | LakotaTemplate:Sfnp<ref>Lakota Language Consortium (2004). Lakota letters and sounds.</ref> | ǧí | Template:IPA | 'it's brown' | Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA |
| Sotho | Regional variant | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'hair' | Imported from French missionaries. See Sesotho phonology |
| Swedish | Southern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'fox' | See Swedish phonology |
| Yiddish | Standard<ref name="kleine">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'bridge' | More commonly a flap Template:IPAblink; can be alveolar Template:IPA instead.<ref name="kleine"/> See Yiddish phonology |
Fricative trill
Some languages have a voiced uvular fricative trill, which can be represented in the IPA as Template:Angbr IPA. Teuthonista uses Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, the first having stronger frication.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danish | Standard<ref name="basb62">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'red' | Most often an approximant when initial.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless Template:IPAblink) or an approximant.<ref name="basb62"/> Also described as pharyngeal Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology |
| Limburgish | MaastrichtianTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'three' | Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology |
| Weert dialectTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | |||
| West Flemish | Bruges dialectTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'under' | A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar Template:IPAblink is used in the neighbouring rural area.Template:Sfnp |
See also
Notes
References
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