Open back unrounded vowel

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. The letter Template:Angbr IPA is called script a or handwritten a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has a full length linear stroke on its right, should not be confused with turned script a, Template:Angbr IPA, which has the linear stroke on its left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

The open back unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the pharyngeal approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Features

Template:Open vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Pharyngeal Template:Unrounded vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'there' main}}, open back unrounded {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and even open back rounded Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Äiwoo lang}} main}} 'I want'
Arabic StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (ṭawīl) Template:Audio-IPA 'tall' main}} near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
EssaouiraTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (qāl) main}} 'he said' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (hacʿ) main}} 'bread'
Bashkir lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) Template:Audio-IPA 'goose'
Catalan Many dialectsTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'stick' main}} in contact with velar consonants.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
Some dialectsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'hand' More central (Template:IPAblink or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) in other dialects; fully front Template:IPAblink in Majorcan Catalan.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
Majorcan and Valencian (some speakers)Template:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'place' main}} in some accents.Template:Sfnp It can be centralized. See Catalan phonology
Southern ValencianTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'bull' main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp It can be centralized. See Catalan phonology
Chinese MandarinTemplate:Sfnp lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) Template:Audio-IPA 'stick' main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Standard Chinese phonology
Dutch StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'bath' Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
AmsterdamTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'monkey' Corresponds to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in standard Dutch.
AntwerpTemplate:Sfnp
UtrechtTemplate:Sfnp
The HagueTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'narrow' main}} in standard Dutch.
English General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp hot main}} 'hot' main}} ~ Template:IPA link], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger.Template:Clarification needed See English phonology
CockneyTemplate:Sfnp palm {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'palm' main}} instead.
General South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See South African English phonology
Cultivated
South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp		 {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Typically more front than cardinal {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. It may be as front as Template:IPAblink in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology and South African English phonology
Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp
Non-local Dublin<ref name="unidue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || back || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'back' || Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before velars for some speakers.<ref name="unidue"/>

Faroese Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'wet' main}} in standard language.Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology
French Conservative ParisianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'not' Contrasts with Template:IPAslink, but many speakers have only one open vowel Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See French phonology
QuebecTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'paste' Contrasts with Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp See Quebec French phonology
GalicianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'brother' main}} in contact with velar consonants.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Galician phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Nowrap main}} 'leather bag' main}}, typically {{#invoke:IPA|main}} to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Sometimes transcribed as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'gourmand' Nasalized; often realized as rounded Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Many speakersTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'near' Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.Template:Sfnp Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.Template:Sfnp More front in other accents. See Standard German phonology
Greek SfakianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (býra) main}} "beer" main}} in Modern Standard Greek.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'Hungarian' Weakly rounded Template:IPAblink in standard Hungarian.Template:Sfnp See Hungarian phonology
Inuit West GreenlandicTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'he says' main}} before and especially between uvulars.Template:Sfnp See Inuit phonology
Italian Some Piedmont dialects lang}} main}} 'house' main}} which in Italian is largely realised as central {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Irish Munster Dialect lang}} main}} 'place' See Irish phonology
KaingangTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'land, soil' main}} and central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
Khmer lang}} (Template:Transliteration) main}} 'sugar' See Khmer phonology
Low GermanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'all' Backness may vary among dialects.Template:Sfnp
Malay KedahTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'eye' See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Standard qari main}} 'qari' Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [[[:Template:IPA link]]]. See Malay phonology
NorwegianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'hate' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Central Template:IPAblink in some other dialects.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Some Azorean dialects lang}} main}} 'nothing' See Portuguese phonology
PaulistaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'vegetable' main}}.Template:Sfnp
RussianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Nowrap main}} 'stick' main}}, but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic LewisTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'boy' Allophone of Template:IPAblink in proximity to broad sonorants.
SemaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'lower back' main}} after uvular stops.Template:Sfnp
Swedish Some dialects lang}} main}} 'I' Weakly rounded Template:IPAblink in Central Standard Swedish.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'horse' Also described as central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology
UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (maty) main}} 'mother' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese Some dialects in North Central and Central lang}} main}} 'chicken' See Vietnamese phonology<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
West Frisian StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'long' Also described as central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See West Frisian phonology
AasterskTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'mate' Contrasts with a front Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp See West Frisian phonology

Near-open back unrounded vowel

Template:Infobox IPA

In some languages (such as Azerbaijani, Estonian, Luxembourgish and Toda)Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp there is the near-open back unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal Template:Angbr IPA and Template:IPAalink), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

Features

Template:Near-open vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Pharyngeal Template:Unrounded vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
AzerbaijaniTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'brother' Near-open.Template:Sfnp
Dutch LeidenTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'bath' Near-open fully back; can be rounded Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
RotterdamTemplate:Sfnp
English CardiffTemplate:Sfnp hot {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'hot' Somewhat raised and fronted.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
NorfolkTemplate:Sfnp
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'lie' Near-open.Template:Sfnp See Estonian phonology
FinnishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'hen' Near-open,Template:Sfnp also described as open central Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Finnish phonology
Kazakh lang}} main}} 'apple' Can be realised as near-open.Template:Citation needed
Limburgish MaastrichtianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'buttock' main}},Template:Sfnp open near-back {{#invoke:IPA|main}},Template:Sfnp and near-open near-back {{#invoke:IPA|main}},Template:Sfnp depending on the dialect.
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'head' Near-open fully back.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
TodaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'elephant' Near-open.Template:Sfnp

See also

Notes

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References

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