Nasalization
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox IPA Template:Sound change Template:IPA notice In phonetics, nasalisation (or nasalization in American English) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> An archetypal nasal sound is Template:IPA.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, nasalisation is indicated by printing a tilde diacritic Template:Unichar above the symbol for the sound to be nasalised: Template:IPA is the nasalised equivalent of Template:IPA, and Template:IPA is the nasalised equivalent of Template:IPA. Although not IPA, a subscript diacritic Template:IPA, called an ogonek, is sometimes seen,Template:From whom especially when the vowel bears tone marks that would stack with the superscript tilde. For example, Template:Angbr IPA are more legible than stacked Template:Angbr IPA. The subscript ogonek is also the preferred diacritic for nasalisation by Americanists.
Nasal vowels
Template:Main Many languages have nasal vowels to different degrees, but only a minority of world languages around the world have nasal vowels as contrasting phonemes. That is the case, among others, of French, Portuguese, Hindustani, Kashmiri, Bengali, Nepali, Breton, Gheg Albanian, Hmong, Hokkien, Yoruba, and Cherokee. Those nasal vowels contrast with their corresponding oral vowels. Nasality is usually seen as a binary feature, although surface variation in different degrees of nasality caused by neighboring nasal consonants has been observed.Template:Sfn
Degree of nasality
There are languages, such as in Palantla Chinantec, where vowels seem to exhibit three contrastive degrees of nasality: oral e.g. Template:IPA vs lightly nasalised Template:IPA vs heavily nasalised Template:IPA;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ladefoged and Maddieson believe that the lightly nasalised vowels are best described as oro-nasal diphthongs.Template:Sfn Note that Ladefoged and Maddieson's transcription of heavy nasalisation with a double tilde was once ambiguous with the extIPA use of that diacritic for velopharyngeal frication, though the extIPA has changed its notation to avoid this ambiguity.
Nasal consonants
Template:Main By far the most common nasal sounds are nasal consonants such as Template:IPA, Template:IPA or Template:IPA. Most nasal consonants are occlusives, and airflow through the mouth is blocked and redirected through the nose. Their oral counterparts are the stops.Template:Citation needed
Nasalised consonants
Nasalised versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The Middle Chinese consonant 日 (Template:IPA; Template:IPA in modern Standard Chinese) has an odd history; for example, it has evolved into Template:IPAblink and Template:IPA (or Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink respectively, depending on accents) in Standard Chinese; Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink in Hokkien; Template:IPA/Template:IPA and Template:IPA/Template:IPAblink while borrowed into Japan. It seems likely that it was once a nasalized fricative, perhaps a palatal Template:IPA.
In Coatzospan Mixtec, fricatives and affricates are nasalized before nasal vowels even when they are voiceless. Template:Citation needed span That is cognate with a nasalised palatal approximant Template:IPA in other Athabaskan languages.
In Umbundu, phonemic Template:IPA contrasts with the (allophonically) nasalised approximant Template:IPA and so is likely to be a true fricative rather than an approximant.Template:Elucidate In Old and Middle Irish, the lenited Template:Angbr was a nasalised bilabial fricative Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Ganza<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> has a phonemic nasalized glottal stop Template:IPA while Sundanese has it allophonically; nasalised stops can occur only with pharyngeal articulation or lower, or they would be simple nasals.Template:Sfn Nasal flaps are common allophonically. Many West African languages have a nasal flap Template:IPA (or Template:IPA) as an allophone of Template:IPAslink before a nasal vowel; voiced retroflex nasal flaps are common intervocalic allophones of Template:IPAslink in South Asian languages.
A nasal trill Template:IPA has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in rhotacism. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Some languages contrast Template:IPA like Toro-tegu Dogon<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Inor. A nasal lateral has been reported for some languages, Nzema contrasts Template:IPA,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Nemi contrasts Template:IPA.
Other languages, such as the Khoisan languages of Khoekhoe and Gǀui, as well as several of the !Kung languages, include nasal click consonants. Nasal clicks are typically with a nasal or superscript nasal preceding the consonant (for example, velar-dental Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA and uvular-dental Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA).Template:Sfn Nasalised laterals such as Template:IPA (a nasalised lateral alveolar click) are easy to produce but rare or nonexistent as phonemes; nasalised lateral clicks are common in Southern African languages such as Zulu. Often when Template:IPA is nasalised, it becomes Template:IPA.
True nasal fricatives
Template:Infobox IPA Besides nasalised oral fricatives, there are true nasal fricatives, or anterior nasal fricatives, previously called nareal fricatives. They are sometimes produced by people with disordered speech due to velopharyngeal-port incompetence. The turbulence in the airflow characteristic of fricatives is produced not in the mouth but at the anterior nasal port, the narrowest part of the nasal cavity. (Turbulence can also be produced at the posterior nasal port, or velopharyngeal port, when that port is narrowed – see velopharyngeal fricative. With anterior nasal fricatives, the velopharyngeal port is open.)
An upright tilde is used for this in the extensions to the IPA: Template:IPA is a voiced alveolar nasal fricative, with no airflow out of the mouth; this will generally occur when Template:IPA is intended. Template:IPA is an oral fricative with simultaneous nasal frication; this will generally occur when Template:IPA is intended.
No known language makes use of nasal fricatives in non-disordered speech.
Denasalisation
Template:Infobox IPA Template:Main Nasalisation may be lost over time. There are also denasal sounds, which sound like nasals spoken with a head cold. They may be found in non-pathological speech as a language loses nasal consonants, as in Korean. Template:IPA is a sound partway between Template:IPA and Template:IPA.
Contextual nasalisation
Vowels assimilate to surrounding nasal consonants in many languages, such as Thai, creating nasal vowel allophones. Some languages exhibit a nasalisation of segments adjacent to phonemic or allophonic nasal vowels, such as Apurinã.
Contextual nasalisation can lead to the addition of nasal vowel phonemes to a language.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> That happened in French, most of whose final consonants disappeared, but its final nasals made the preceding vowels become nasal, which introduced a new distinction into the language. An example is Template:Lang Template:IPA Template:Gloss, ultimately from Latin Template:Lang and Template:Lang.
See also
- Eclipsis, a similar process in Gaelic that is often called "nasalisation"
- Nasal consonant
- Nasal release
- Nasal vowel
- Nasality
- Prenasalised consonant