Voiced dental fricative
Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA
A voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or Template:IPA and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (as in Received Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.
The letter Template:Angbr IPA is sometimes used to represent a voiced dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> However, the approximant can be explicitly indicated with the lowering diacritic: Template:Angbr IPA. Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include Template:Angbr IPA (retracted Template:IPAblink),Template:Citation needed Template:Angbr IPA (advanced Template:IPAblink) and Template:Angbr IPA (Template:Notatypo Template:IPAblink). It has been proposed that either a turned Template:Angbr IPA<ref>Kenneth S. Olson, Jeff Mielke, Josephine Sanicas-Daguman, Carol Jean Pebley & Hugh J. Paterson III, 'The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant', Journal of the International Phonetic Association, Vol. 40, No. 2 (August 2010), pp. 201–211</ref> or reversed Template:Angbr IPA,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> among others, be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage, this has not gained general acceptance.
The fricatives and their unvoiced counterparts are rare as phonemes. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a voiced alveolar sibilant Template:IPA, a voiced dental stop or voiced alveolar stop Template:IPA, or a voiced labiodental fricative Template:IPA; known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages such as Greek have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones.
Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among Semitic languages, they are used in Modern Standard Arabic, albeit not by all speakers of modern Arabic dialects, and in some dialects of Hebrew and Assyrian.
Features
Features of a voiced dental non-sibilant fricative:
Template:Fricative It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Dental Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an approximant Template:IPA.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'idol' | ||
| Aleut<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'house' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology. Represented by the letter ḏāl. |
| Gulf | |||||
| Najdi | |||||
| Tunisian | Template:IPA | See Tunisian Arabic phonology | |||
| Arpitan | Template:Ill and Savoyard | Genèva | Template:IPA | 'Geneva' | Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling. |
| Bressan | vachiére | Template:IPA | 'woman cow herder' | Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well. | |
| AromanianTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'butter whey' | Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Assyrian | ܘܪܕܐ werda | Template:IPA] | 'flower' | Common in the Tyari, Barwari, and Western dialects. Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other varieties. | |
| Asturian | Some dialects | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to do' | Alternative realization of etymological Template:Angbr. Can also be realized as Template:IPAblink. |
| Bakhtiari<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Haftlang around Masjed Soleyman | Template:Lang gade | Template:IPA | 'stomach' | Allophone of Template:IPA after vowels and also word-finally after glides (Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA). |
| Bashkir | Template:Lang / Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'goose' | ||
| Basque<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'horn' | Allophone of Template:IPA | |
| Berta | Template:IPA | 'to sweep' | |||
| Burmese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'inlander' | Commonly realized as an affricate Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | |
| Catalan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'each' | Fricative or approximant. Allophone of Template:IPA. See Catalan phonology | |
| Cree | Woods Cree (th-dialect) | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'I' | Reflex of Proto-Algonguian *r. Shares features of a sonorant. |
| Dahalo<ref name="mad34">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Example needed | Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA, and may be simply a plosive Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name="mad34"/> | |||
| Elfdalian | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'wait' | ||
| Emilian | Bolognese | żänt | Template:IPA | 'people' | |
| English | Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp | this | Template:IPA | 'this' | |
| Western American English | Template:Audio-IPA | Interdental.Template:Sfnp | |||
| Extremaduran | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to do' | Realization of etymological 'z'. Can also be realized as Template:IPA | |
| Fijian | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'nine' | ||
| Galician | Some dialects<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to do' | Alternative realization of etymological Template:Angbr. Can also be realized as Template:IPA. |
| German | Austrian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'unfortunately' | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA in casual speech. See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration | Template:IPA | 'laurel' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gwich'in | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'you want' | ||
| Hän | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'hide' | ||
| Harsusi | Template:IPA | 'bee' | |||
| Hebrew | Iraqi | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'my lord' | Commonly pronounced Template:IPAblink. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Temani | Template:Lang/ğaḏol | Template:IPA | 'large, great' | See Yemenite Hebrew | |
| Judeo-Spanish | Many dialects | Template:Lang / Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'creator' | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA in many dialects. |
| Kabyle | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to be exhausted' | ||
| Kagayanen<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'spirit' | ||
| Kurdish | Template:Example needed | An approximant; postvocalic allophone of Template:IPA. See Kurdish phonology. | |||
| Malay | Standard | azan | Template:IPA | 'azan' | Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with Template:IPA. See Malay phonology |
| Malayalam | ഒൻപത്/onpatŭ | Template:IPA | 'nine' | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA. See Malayalam#Phonology | |
| Malto | मेद़/mēð | Template:IPA | 'body' | See Malto#Phonology. | |
| Mari | Eastern dialect | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'lung' | |
| Norman | Jèrriais | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'mother' | Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as Template:IPA, and sometimes as Template:IPA or Template:IPA. |
| Northern Sámi | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'science' | ||
| Norwegian | Meldal dialect<ref name="Vanvik14">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'in' | Syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant<ref name="Vanvik14"/> corresponding to Template:IPA in other dialects. See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Gascon | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'what I should' | Allophone of Template:IPA. See Occitan phonology |
| Persian | Early New Persian,<ref name="Iranica">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Early Judeo-Persian<ref name="Iranica"/> | Template:Lang guḏaštan | Template:IPA | 'to pass' | Called ḏāl-i mu'ajjam and represented by the letter ḏāl.<ref name="Iranica"/> A postvocalic pronunciation of native Template:IPA, either considered phonemic or phonetic.<ref name="Iranica"/> See Persian phonology. |
| Portuguese | European<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'nothing' | Northern and central dialects. Allophone of Template:IPA, mainly after an oral vowel.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Portuguese phonology |
| Sardinian | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'nest' | Allophone of Template:IPA | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Many Outer Hebrides dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'Mary' | Often slightly palatalized. Common Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, standard in Lewis<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> and also common in Harris, Benbecula and South Uist; otherwise realized as Template:IPA,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as Template:IPAblink in southern Barra, or as Template:IPAblink in Tiree. |
| Sioux | Lakota | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'five' | Sometimes with Template:IPA |
| Spanish | Most dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'finger' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.<ref>Phonetic studies such as Template:Harvcoltxt have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are
not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization</ref> Allophone of Template:IPA. See Spanish phonology |
| Swahili | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'sin' | Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard<ref name="engstrand">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to take a bath' | An approximant;<ref name="engstrand"/> allophone of Template:IPA in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
| Some dialects<ref name="Vanvik14"/>Template:Better source needed | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'in' | A syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant<ref name="Vanvik14"/>Template:Better source needed corresponding to Template:IPA in Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology | |
| Syriac | Western Neo-Aramaic | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to take' | |
| Tamil | Template:Lang/oṉpatu | Template:IPA | 'nine' | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA. See Tamil phonology | |
| Tanacross | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'liver' | ||
| Turkmen | ýyldyz | Template:IPA | 'star' | Realization of the Template:IPA phoneme | |
| Tutchone | Northern | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'hide' | |
| Southern | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | |||
| Venetian | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'midday' | ||
| Welsh | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'bard' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Example needed | Allophone of Template:IPA | ||
Danish Template:IPA is actually a velarized alveolar approximant.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
See also
Notes
References
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