Voiced alveolar fricative

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA

Voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

Voiced coronal fricatives
Dental Denti-
alveolar 		Alveolar Post-alveolar
Retracted Retroflex Palato-
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal
Sibilant plain [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced dental sibilant|Template:IPA]] [[Voiced dental fricative#Voiced denti-alveolar sibilant|Template:IPA]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|Template:IPA]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant|Template:IPA]] [[Voiced retroflex sibilant|Template:IPA]] [[Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant|Template:IPA]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant|Template:IPA]]
Non-sibilant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
tapped Template:IPA link

Template:Clear

Coronal sibilants
IPA
symbol 		meaning
place
of articulation 		passive
(mouth) 		Template:Angbr IPA dental
Template:Angbr IPA advanced
(denti-alveolar)
Template:Angbr IPA alveolar
Template:Angbr IPA retracted
(postalveolar)
active
(tongue) 		Template:Angbr IPA apical
Template:Angbr IPA laminal
Template:Angbr IPA retroflex
secondary Template:Angbr IPA palatalized coronal
Template:Angbr IPA alveolo-palatal
Template:Angbr IPA palato-alveolar
Template:Angbr IPA labialized coronal
Template:Angbr IPA velarized coronal
Template:Angbr IPA pharyngealized coronal
voice-onset time Template:Angbr IPA breathy coronal

Voiced alveolar sibilant

A voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to its voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of Template:IPA are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.Template:Citation needed

Features

Template:Sibilant

  • There are at least three specific variants of Template:IPA:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of Template:IPA is very strong.<ref name="PNFK">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Template:Harvcoltxt about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to Template:IPAblink or laminal Template:IPAblink.

Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'decoration'
AzerbaijaniTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'sprout'
BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'base' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'lake' Contrasts with palatalized form.
CzechTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'winter' See Czech phonology
English Multicultural London<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> zoo Template:IPA 'zoo' See English phonology
FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'zebra' See French phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'pledge' See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Example needed
KazakhTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'law'
KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration
LatvianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'branch' See Latvian phonology
MacedonianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'why' See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'learning' Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish<ref name=PNFK/>Template:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'zero' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most speakers Template:Lang Template:IPA 'United States' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dice' See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'to pick up' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:IPA 'loan' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak Template:Lang Template:IPA 'winter'
Slovene<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'winter'
TurkishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'eye' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian<ref>Template:Cite journal (PDF ram-verlag.eu)</ref> Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'tooth' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper SorbianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'goat'
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'victory'
Vietnamese HanoiTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'skin' See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:Audio-IPA 'one'
Albanian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'fire'
Arabic StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'visitor' See Arabic phonology
Assamese Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'chili'
Assyrian Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'bell'
Bengali Template:LangTemplate:Transliteration needed Template:IPA 'Salah' Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by Template:IPAblink.
See Bengali phonology
Breton Template:Lang Template:IPA 'church'
Chechen Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'music'
Emilian Bolognese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'reason' Palatalized apical; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.
English zoo Template:Audio-IPA 'zoo' Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto Template:Lang Template:IPA 'cousin' See Esperanto phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'bell'
Greek Athens dialectTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'dizziness' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'wolf' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'land' May be replaced in Hindi by Template:IPAblink. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu Template:Lang
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'everything' Might be replaced with Template:IPAblink. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:Audio-IPA 'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya Template:Lang Template:IPA 'go'
Kashmiri Template:Lang / Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'to know'
Khmer Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'
adjective: 'Belgian'		 See Khmer phonology
KondaTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to sleep'
Malay Template:Lang Template:IPA 'difference'
Maltese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'zeal'
Marathi Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'if' See Marathi phonology.
Nepali Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'thousand' Coda and intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA and Template:IPA.<ref name="pokharel">Template:Citation</ref>
Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'paper'
Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'to explain'
Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'middle'
Occitan Limousin Template:Lang Template:IPA 'young' See Occitan phonology
Persian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'day'
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'house' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'thousand' May be replaced by Template:IPAblink in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
Shahmukhi Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed
Spanish Andalusian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'communism' Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to Template:IPA. Present in dialects which realize Template:IPA as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before Template:IPA it is dental Template:IPA.
Latin American
Filipino
Swahili Template:Lang Template:IPA 'must'
Tamil Jaffna Tamil Template:LangTemplate:Romanization needed Template:IPA 'letter' Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
West FrisianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to say' It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'generation'
Yiddish Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'son'
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'went to grab'

Template:Anchor

Retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
CatalanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'zeal' Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician Template:Lang Template:IPA 'same' Apical. Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants. Before Template:IPA it is pronounced dentally Template:IPA.
GreekTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'mass' See Modern Greek phonology
Italian Central ItalyTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'case' Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,Template:Sfnp most of UmbriaTemplate:Sfnp (save Perugia and the extreme south)Template:Sfnp and Le Marche south of the Potenza.Template:Sfnp
Northern ItalyTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Apical.Template:Sfnp Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Italian phonology
SicilyTemplate:Sfnp Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.Template:Sfnp
Low GermanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed
Maldivian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'giraffe'
Mirandese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to exist' Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr/Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr/Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr Template:IPA, Template:Angbr/-Template:Angbr- Template:IPAslink, -Template:Angbr- Template:IPA
Occitan Gascon Template:Lang Template:IPA 'barracks' See Occitan phonology
Languedocien Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to see'
Piedmontese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'friend' Apical. See Piemontese phonology
Portuguese Coastal Northern European Template:Example needed Merges with non-retracted Template:IPA. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European Template:Example needed Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted Template:IPA. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish Andean Template:Lang Template:IPA 'same' Apical. Allophone of Template:IPA before voiced consonants. Before Template:IPA it is pronounced dentally Template:IPA. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'clean' Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Italian StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'case' Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
TicinoTemplate:Sfnp Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp Both variants may be labiodentalized.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
Dutch Belgian StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'soap' Laminal.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
Northern StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Audio-IPA Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. If not the main allophone, it is often retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'full', 'fed (up)'

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Template:Infobox IPA

A voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA.

A few languages also have a voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur, such as Template:Angbr IPA. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.Template:Sfnp

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Alveolar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aragonese ChistabinoTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'air' Tapped; common realization of Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp
CzechTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'four' May be a fricative trillTemplate:Sfnp or a tap fricative instead.Template:Sfnp It contrasts with Template:IPA and Template:IPA. See Czech phonology
Dahalo<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:IPA 'work' Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA, and may dental Template:IPAblink or a plosive Template:IPAblink instead.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
Dutch<ref name="CM199">Template:Harvcoltxt. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'for' One of many possible realizations of Template:IPA; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'case' Laminal
English ScouseTemplate:Sfnp maid Template:IPA 'maid' Allophone of Template:IPA. See English phonology
South AfricanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp round Template:IPA 'round' Apical,Template:Sfnp present in some urban dialects.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
Icelandic<ref name="Pétursson">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Grønnum">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'good (inflexion)' Usually apical,<ref name="Pétursson"/><ref name="Grønnum"/> may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
Italian SicilyTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'earth' Apical; corresponds to Template:IPA in standard Italian.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
ManxTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'big' Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of Template:IPA, in free variation with other allophones.
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Aragonese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'air' Tapped; possible realization of Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Spanish phonology
SicilianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'terrorism' Apical; corresponds to Template:IPA in standard Italian.Template:Sfnp
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'wanderer' Allophone of Template:IPA around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
Tacana<ref name="tacana">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Example needed Tapped.<ref name="tacana"/>
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dream' Tapped; word-initial allophone of Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology

See also

Notes

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References

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