Voiced alveolar fricative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA

Voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

Voiced coronal fricatives
Dental Denti-
alveolar 		Alveolar Post-alveolar
Retracted Retroflex Palato-
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal
Sibilant plain {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Non-sibilant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
tapped Template:IPA link
Coronal sibilants
IPA
symbol 		meaning
place
of articulation 		passive
(mouth) 		Template:Angbr IPA dental
Template:Angbr IPA advanced
(denti-alveolar)
Template:Angbr IPA alveolar
Template:Angbr IPA retracted
(postalveolar)
active
(tongue) 		Template:Angbr IPA apical
Template:Angbr IPA laminal
Template:Angbr IPA retroflex
secondary Template:Angbr IPA palatalized coronal
Template:Angbr IPA alveolo-palatal
Template:Angbr IPA palato-alveolar
Template:Angbr IPA labialized coronal
Template:Angbr IPA velarized coronal
Template:Angbr IPA pharyngealized coronal
voice-onset time Template:Angbr IPA breathy coronal

Voiced alveolar sibilant

A voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to its voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.Template:Citation needed

Features

Template:Sibilant

  • There are at least three specific variants of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is very strong.<ref name="PNFK">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Template:Harvcoltxt about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to Template:IPAblink or laminal Template:IPAblink.

Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'decoration'
AzerbaijaniTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'sprout'
BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'base' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'lake' Contrasts with palatalized form.
CzechTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'winter' See Czech phonology
English Multicultural London<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || zoo || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'zoo' || See English phonology

FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'zebra' See French phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'pledge' See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | Template:Example needed || ||

KazakhTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'law'
KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration
LatvianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'branch' See Latvian phonology
MacedonianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'why' See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese lang}} main}} 'learning' Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish<ref name=PNFK/>Template:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'zero' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most speakers lang}} main}} 'United States' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}Template:Dead link</ref> || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'dice' || See Romanian phonology

RussianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'to pick up' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'loan' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak lang}} main}} 'winter'
Slovene<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'winter'
TurkishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'eye' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian<ref>Template:Cite journal (PDF ram-verlag.eu)</ref> lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'tooth' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper SorbianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'goat'
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'victory'
Vietnamese HanoiTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'skin' See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe lang}}Template:Romanization needed Template:Audio-IPA 'one'
Albanian lang}} main}} 'fire'
Arabic StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'visitor' See Arabic phonology
Assamese lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'chili'
Assyrian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'bell'
Bengali lang}}Template:Transliteration needed main}} 'Salah' Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by Template:IPAblink.
See Bengali phonology
Breton lang}} main}} 'church'
Chechen lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'music'
Emilian Bolognese lang}} main}} 'reason' Palatalized apical; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.
English zoo Template:Audio-IPA 'zoo' Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto lang}} main}} 'cousin' See Esperanto phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'bell'
Greek Athens dialectTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'dizziness' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'wolf' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi lang}}Template:Romanization needed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'land' May be replaced in Hindi by Template:IPAblink. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu lang}}
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'everything' Might be replaced with Template:IPAblink. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian lang}}Template:Romanization needed Template:Audio-IPA 'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya lang}} main}} 'go'
Kashmiri lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'to know'
Khmer lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'
adjective: 'Belgian'		 See Khmer phonology
KondaTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to sleep'
Malay lang}} main}} 'difference'
Maltese lang}} main}} 'zeal'
Marathi lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'if' See Marathi phonology.
Nepali lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'thousand' Coda and intervocalic allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="pokharel">Template:Citation</ref>
lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'paper'
lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'to explain'
lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'middle'
Occitan Limousin lang}} main}} 'young' See Occitan phonology
Persian lang}} main}} 'day'
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'house' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi lang}}Template:Romanization needed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'thousand' May be replaced by Template:IPAblink in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
Shahmukhi lang}}Template:Romanization needed
Spanish Andalusian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'communism' Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Present in dialects which realize {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} it is dental {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Latin American
Filipino
Swahili lang}} main}} 'must'
Tamil Jaffna Tamil lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'letter' Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
West FrisianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to say' It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'generation'
Yiddish lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'son'
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'went to grab'

Template:Anchor

Retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
CatalanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'zeal' Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician lang}} main}} 'same' main}} before voiced consonants. Before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} it is pronounced dentally {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
GreekTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'mass' See Modern Greek phonology
Italian Central ItalyTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'case' Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,Template:Sfnp most of UmbriaTemplate:Sfnp (save Perugia and the extreme south)Template:Sfnp and Le Marche south of the Potenza.Template:Sfnp
Northern ItalyTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Apical.Template:Sfnp Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Italian phonology
SicilyTemplate:Sfnp Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.Template:Sfnp
Low GermanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed
Maldivian lang}} main}} 'giraffe'
Mirandese lang}} main}} 'to exist' Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr/Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr/Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Template:Angbr/-Template:Angbr- Template:IPAslink, -Template:Angbr- {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Occitan Gascon lang}} main}} 'barracks' See Occitan phonology
Languedocien lang}} main}} 'to see'
Piedmontese lang}} main}} 'friend' Apical. See Piemontese phonology
Portuguese Coastal Northern European Template:Example needed main}}. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European Template:Example needed main}}. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish Andean {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'same' Apical. Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before voiced consonants. Before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} it is pronounced dentally {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'clean' Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Italian StandardTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'case' Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
TicinoTemplate:Sfnp Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp Both variants may be labiodentalized.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
Dutch Belgian StandardTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'soap' Laminal.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
Northern StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Audio-IPA Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. If not the main allophone, it is often retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'full', 'fed (up)'

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Template:Infobox IPA

A voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA.

A few languages also have a voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur, such as Template:Angbr IPA. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.Template:Sfnp

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Alveolar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aragonese ChistabinoTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'air' main}}.Template:Sfnp
CzechTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'four' May be a fricative trillTemplate:Sfnp or a tap fricative instead.Template:Sfnp It contrasts with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Czech phonology
Dahalo<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'work' main}}, and may dental Template:IPAblink or a plosive Template:IPAblink instead.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
Dutch<ref name="CM199">Template:Harvcoltxt. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.</ref> lang}} main}} 'for' main}}; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese lang}} main}} 'case' Laminal
English ScouseTemplate:Sfnp maid main}} 'maid' main}}. See English phonology
South AfricanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp round main}} 'round' Apical,Template:Sfnp present in some urban dialects.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
Icelandic<ref name="Pétursson">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Grønnum">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'good (inflexion)' Usually apical,<ref name="Pétursson"/><ref name="Grønnum"/> may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
Italian SicilyTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'earth' main}} in standard Italian.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
ManxTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'big' main}}, in free variation with other allophones.
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Aragonese lang}} main}} 'air' main}}.Template:Sfnp See Spanish phonology
SicilianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'terrorism' main}} in standard Italian.Template:Sfnp
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'wanderer' main}} around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
Tacana<ref name="tacana">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || colspan="2" | Template:Example needed || || Tapped.<ref name="tacana"/>

TurkishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'dream' main}}.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Template:IPA navigation

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolar_fricative&oldid=321909"