Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

Voiced alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is Template:Angbr IPA (although the symbol Template:Angbr IPA can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and Template:Angbr IPA the postalveolar).

There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops, among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.

Features

Features of a voiced alveolar stop:

Template:Plosive

  • There are three specific variants of Template:IPA:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Varieties

IPA Description
Template:IPA plain d
Template:IPA dental d
Template:IPA postalveolar d
Template:IPA breathy d
Template:IPA palatalized d
Template:IPA labialized d
Template:IPA d with no audible release
Template:IPA voiceless d
Template:IPA tense d

Occurrence

Dental

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'door'
Arabic Egyptian Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'world' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'face' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Western Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkir Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'four'
Basque Template:Lang Template:IPA 'money' Laminal denti-alveolar.
BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'travel' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dragon' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
DinkaTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'distinct' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar Template:IPA.
Dhivehi Template:Lang/[[Malé Latin|Template:Transliteration]] Template:IPA 'sad' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Dutch Belgian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'thing' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English DublinTemplate:Sfnp then Template:IPA 'then' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other dialects. In Dublin it may be Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See English phonology
Southern IrishTemplate:Sfnp
GeordieTemplate:Sfnp Word-initial allophone of Template:IPA; may be realized as Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
Indian
Ulster<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> dream Template:IPA 'dream' Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto Template:Lang Template:IPA 'world' See Esperanto phonology.
FrenchTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'canopy' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'tail' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
HindustaniTemplate:Sfnp Hindi Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:IPA 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Urdu Template:Lang / Template:Lang Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.
Hungarian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Irish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dark' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:IPA 'masculine' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Example needed Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh Template:Lang Template:IPA 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
LatvianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'fever' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'stone' Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Minangkabau Padang Template:Lang Template:IPA 'near' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Nepali Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'daytime' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odia Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'ten' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashto Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar.
PolishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'home' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp Many dialects Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਦਾਲ/dāl Template:IPA 'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhi Template:Lang/dāl
RussianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic Uist and Barra Template:Lang Template:IPA 'following' Allophone of Template:IPAblink after nasals. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:IPA 'rainbow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhala Template:Lang Template:IPA 'day'
SloveneTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'today' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'sunken' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Telugu Template:Lang Template:IPA 'Kindness' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant.
Turkish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'twig' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'tree' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang [siɸætidæ] 'as' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'the Tang dynasty'
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp dan Template:IPA 'countryside' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe Template:Lang/daahė Template:IPA 'pretty'
Assyrian ܘܪܕܐ Template:Lang Template:IPA] 'flower' Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other varieties.
Bengali ডাব/ḍab Template:IPA 'green coconut' True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [[[:Template:IPA link]]]. See Bengali phonology.
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'said before' Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czech Template:Lang Template:IPA 'into' See Czech phonology
DutchTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'roof' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers dash Template:IPA 'dash' See English phonology
Finnish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'bond' See Finnish phonology
Greek Template:Lang Template:IPA 'shame' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew Template:Lang/ do'ar Template:IPA 'mail' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hmong White Hmong Template:Script / Template:Lang Template:IPA 'water' In Green Hmong, it'll be Template:Script / Template:Lang Template:IPA
Hungarian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'onto the moon' Allophone of [d̪] before [r] or [ɾ]. See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian Template:Lang/ daahė Template:IPA 'pretty'
Khmer Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'bottle'
Korean Template:Lang / adeul Template:IPA 'son' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern Template:Lang Template:IPA 'tooth' See Kurdish phonology
Central Template:Lang/ dadân Template:IPA
Southern Template:Lang/dîân Template:IPA
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'brother' More often voiceless Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard (incl. Malaysian) Template:Lang Template:IPA 'branch' See Malay phonology
IndonesianTemplate:Sfnp
Kelantan-Pattani [dahɛː] See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Maltese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'wit'
Tagalog Template:Lang Template:IPA 'maiden' See Tagalog phonology
Thai Template:Lang/ dāw Template:IPA 'star'
Welsh diafol [djavɔl] 'devil' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'village'
Yi Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'competent'
Yonaguni Template:Lang / dunan Template:IPA 'Yonaguni'

Postalveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bengali<ref name="mazumdar">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'robber' Apical postalveolar.<ref name="mazumdar"/> See Bengali phonology
Hindustani<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="tiwari">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to put' Apical postalveolar.<ref name="tiwari"/> See Hindustani phonology
Nepali Template:Lang Template:IPA 'fear' Apical postalveolar. See Nepali phonology
Odia Template:Lang/ḍaṅgā Template:IPA 'boat' Apical postalveolar.

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Template:Lang/dīn Template:IPA 'religion' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English Broad South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp dawn Template:IPA 'dawn' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
ScottishTemplate:Sfnp Template:IPA
WelshTemplate:Sfnp Template:IPA
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'or' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Urban East<ref name="kris22">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dance' Partially voiced or fully voiceless Template:IPAblink. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.<ref name="kris22"/> See Norwegian phonology
Persian<ref name="mah">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang/edāre Template:IPA 'office' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.<ref name="mah"/> See Persian phonology
SlovakTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'into' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard<ref name="riad46">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'day' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.<ref name="riad46"/> May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

Notes

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References

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