Aomori Prefecture
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Template:Nihongo is a prefecture of Japan in the Tōhoku region. The prefecture's capital, largest city, and namesake is the city of Aomori. Aomori is the northernmost prefecture on Japan's main island, Honshu, and is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, Iwate Prefecture to the southeast, Akita Prefecture to the southwest, the Sea of Japan to the west, and Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait to the north. Aomori Prefecture is the eighth-largest prefecture, with an area of Template:Cvt, and the 31st-most populous prefecture, with more than 1.18 million people. Mount Iwaki, an active stratovolcano, is the prefecture's highest point, at Template:Cvt.
Humans have inhabited the prefecture for at least 15,000 years, and the oldest evidence of pottery in Japan was discovered at the Jōmon period Ōdai Yamamoto I Site. After centuries of rule by the Nanbu and Tsugaru clans, the prefecture was formed out of the northern part of Mutsu Province during the Meiji Restoration in the 19th century. The entire Tōhoku region, including Aomori Prefecture, experienced significant growth in population and economy until the late 20th century, when a significant population decline began. Though the prefecture remains dominated by primary sector industries, especially apple orchards, it also serves as a transportation and logistics hub due to its location. Additionally, it is the largest producer of black garlic in Japan. Tourism is also a significant part of the prefecture's economy, especially due to the Jōmon Prehistoric Sites in Northern Japan and Shirakami-Sanchi World Heritage Sites.
Aomori Prefecture has a distinctive subculture influenced by its distant location relative to the central government of Japan and the region's long, snowy winters. It is the birthplace of the traditional Tsugaru-jamisen, a local version of the three-stringed musical instrument known as shamisen. Embroidery, pottery, lacquerware, cabinetry, and iron working are also significant crafts in the prefecture. Various porridges and soups are distinctive to Aomori Prefecture. Several festivals are held in Aomori Prefecture; the most noted of which is Aomori Nebuta Matsuri. Aomori Prefecture is home to several association football, baseball, basketball, and ice hockey teams. The prefecture's religious beliefs are heavily rooted in Shinto and Buddhism; it is noted for its blind mediums and purported tomb of Jesus.
History
Template:See also Template:Nihongo literally means 'blue forest', although it could possibly be translated as 'green forest'. The name most likely refers to a small forest on a hill which existed near Aomori City, which was often used by fishermen as a landmark.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="「青森」地名伝承の誤解=41">Template:Cite news</ref>
Jōmon period
The Jōmon period is the time between Template:Circa, during which Japan was inhabited by the Jōmon people, a diverse hunter-gatherer and early agriculturalist population.<ref name="perri20162">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="genetic-japan3">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="verb-morphology2">Template:Cite book</ref> The oldest evidence of pottery in Japan was found at the Ōdai Yamamoto I Site in the town of Sotogahama in the northwestern part of the prefecture. The relics found there suggest that the Jōmon period began about 15,000 years ago.<ref name="Jomon">Template:Cite web</ref> By 7,000 BCE, fishing cultures had developed along the shores of the prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Around 3,900 BCE, settlement at the Sannai-Maruyama Site in the present-day city of Aomori began.<ref name="habu">Template:Cite journal</ref> The settlement shows evidence of wide interaction between the site's inhabitants and people from across Jōmon period Japan, including Hokkaido and Kyushu.<ref name="Jomon"/> The settlement of Sannai-Maruyama ended around 2,300 BCE for unknown reasons. Its abandonment was likely due to the population's subsistence economy being unable to result in sustained growth, with its end being spurred on by the reduced amount of natural resources during a neoglaciation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Jōmon period continued up to 300 BCE in present-day Aomori Prefecture at the Kamegaoka site in the city of Tsugaru where small statuettes called Shakōkidogū have been found.<ref name="Jomon"/>
Yayoi period to Heian period
The Yayoi period, Template:Circa, is one of the major historical periods of the Japanese archipelago. It is generally defined as the era between the beginning of food production in Japan and the emergence of keyhole-shaped burial mounds.<ref name="Shinya">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="e125">Template:Cite journal</ref> During this time, the area that would become Aomori Prefecture was impacted by the migration of settlers from continental Asia, though to a lesser extent than the rest of Honshu. The region, known then as Michinoku, was inhabited by the Emishi. It is not clear if the Emishi were the descendants of the Jōmon people, a group of the Ainu people, or if both the Ainu and Emishi were descended from the Jōmon people. The northernmost tribe of the Emishi that inhabited what would become Aomori Prefecture was known as the Tsugaru.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Historic records mention a series of destructive eruptions in 917 from the volcano at Lake Towada. The eruptive activity peaked on August 17.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Heian period, Template:Circa, was characterized by centralized government influenced by China.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Throughout this period, the Emishi were slowly subdued by the Imperial Court in Kyoto before being incorporated into Mutsu Province by the Northern Fujiwara around 1094.<ref name="hudson1999">Template:Cite journal</ref> The Northern Fujiwara continued to rule the Tōhoku region until 1189.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Mutsu Province was a large province that was later broken into Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate, and Aomori Prefectures and the municipalities of Kazuno and Kosaka in Akita Prefecture.<ref name="mutsubreakingup">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="3riku">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="nussbaum676">Template:Cite book</ref>
The Northern Fujiwara set up the port settlement of Tosaminato in present-day Goshogawara to develop trade between their lands, Kyoto, and continental Asia.<ref name="Tosa">Template:Cite web</ref> The Northern Fujiwara were deposed in 1189 by Minamoto no Yoritomo, who would go on to establish the Kamakura shogunate, which is known for the emergence of the samurai, the warrior caste, and for the establishment of feudalism in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Kamakura period
The Kamakura period is a phase that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate between Template:Circa. Minamoto no Yoritomo incorporated Mutsu Province into the holdings of the Kamakura shogunate.<ref name="sansom">Template:Cite book</ref> Nanbu Mitsuyuki, founder of the Nanbu clan,<ref name="placenames">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="sansombattle">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Turnbull2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Turnbull3">Template:Cite book</ref> was awarded vast estates in Nukanobu District after he had joined Minamoto no Yoritomo at the Battle of Ishibashiyama in 1180 and the conquest of the Northern Fujiwara.<ref name="Shōjojidate">Template:Cite web</ref>
Nanbu Mitsuyuki built Shōjujidate Castle in what is now Nanbu, Aomori.<ref name="Shōjojidate"/> The eastern area of the current prefecture was dominated by horse ranches, and the Nanbu grew powerful and wealthy on the supply of warhorses. These horse ranches were fortified stockades, numbered one through nine (Ichinohe through Kunohe), and were awarded to the six sons of Nanbu Mitsuyuki, forming the six main branches of the Nanbu clan.<ref name="placenames" /><ref name="sansombattle" /><ref name="Turnbull2" /><ref name="Turnbull3" /> The northwestern part of the prefecture was awarded to the Andō clan for their role in driving the Northern Fujiwara out of Tosaminato. The port was expanded under the rule of the Andō clan and they traded heavily with the Ainu in Ezo. Conflict would break out between the Ainu and the Andō clan in 1268 and again in the 1320s. The conflict ended after the Nanbu intervened at the behest of the shogunate. The conflict weakened the Kamakura shogunate in its later years. The Andō became split into northern (Andō) and southern (Akita) divisions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Muromachi period
The Muromachi period, Template:Circa, saw the rise of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate and Onmyōji, practitioners of astronomy and divination, into high governmental positions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> At the onset of the Ashikaga shogunate, the Nanbu and Andō continued to rule the area, with the Nanbu controlling the current prefecture's southeastern section and the Andō controlling the Shimokita and Tsugaru peninsulas. The Andō also were involved with controlling the fringes of Ezo, splitting their attention. In 1336, the Andō completed construction of Horikoshi Castle during the Northern and Southern Courts period.<ref name="Tsugaru castle">Template:Cite web</ref> During the Muromachi, the Nanbu slowly began edging the Andō out of present-day Aomori Prefecture. The Andō were pushed out of Tosaminato in 1432, retreating to Ezo, giving the Nanbu control over all their lands. The port settlement would fall into disrepair under the Nanbu.<ref name="Tosa"/>
Sengoku period
The Sengoku period of the 15th and 16th centuries is an era in which civil wars and social upheavals took place almost continuously, similar to the Dark Ages in Europe.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> During the Sengoku period, the Nanbu clan collapsed into several rival factions. One faction under Ōura Tamenobu asserted their control over the Hirosaki Domain. His clan, originally the Template:Nihongo, was of uncertain origins. According to later Tsugaru clan records, the clan was descended from the noble Fujiwara clan and had an accent claim to ownership of the Tsugaru region on the Tsugaru Peninsula and the area surrounding Mount Iwaki in the northwestern corner of Mutsu Province; however, according to the records of their rivals, the Nanbu clan, clan progenitor Ōura Tamenobu was born as either Nanbu Tamenobu or Kuji Tamenobu, from a minor branch house of the Nanbu and was driven from the clan due to discord with his elder brother.<ref name="Ravina1999">Template:Cite book</ref>
In any event, the Ōura were hereditary Template:Nihongo under the Nanbu clan's local magistrate Ishikawa Takanobu; however, in 1571, Tamenobu attacked and killed Ishikawa and began taking the Nanbu clan's castles in the Tsugaru region.<ref name="rd1">Template:Cite book</ref> He captured castles at Ishikawa, Daikoji and Aburakawa, and soon gathered support of many former Nanbu retainers in the region. After pledging fealty to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he was confirmed as an independent warlord in 1590 and changed his name to "Tsugaru", formally establishing the Tsugaru clan. Tsugaru Tamenobu assisted Hideyoshi at the Battle of Odawara, and accompanied his retinue to Hizen during the Korean Expedition. Afterwards, he sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Edo period
During the Edo period, Template:Circa, Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and some 300 regional daimyo, or feudal lords. The Edo period was a prolonged era of peace, stability, economic expansion, and urbanizaion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the Nanbu ruled the Shimokita Peninsula and the districts immediately to the south of it. The area to the west of the Nanbu's holdings and to the north of the lands held by the Akita clan were all controlled by the Tsugaru clan, from their capital at Hirosaki. Work on Hirosaki Castle was completed in 1611, replacing Horikoshi Castle as the Tsugaru clan's fortress.<ref name="Tsugaru castle"/> By 1631, the Tsugaru clan had solidified their control over their gains made during the Sengoku period.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mutsu Province was struck by the Tenmei famine between 1781 and 1789, due to lower than usual temperatures that were exacerbated by volcanic eruptions at Mount Iwaki, near the Tsugaru clan's capital, Hirosaki, between November 1782 and June 1783.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
At the beginning of the Edo period, the last pockets of Ainu people in Honshu still lived in the mountainous areas on the peninsulas of the prefecture. They interacted with the ruling clans to some extent, but they primarily lived off of fishing the waters of Mutsu Bay and the Tsugaru Strait. The Tsugaru clan made two big pushes to assimilate the Ainu; the first came in 1756 and the second came in 1809. Records show that the clan was successful in wiping out the Ainu culture in their holdings, though some geographic names in Aomori Prefecture still retain their original Ainu names.<ref name="Tanaka">Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Meiji Restoration to World War II
The Meiji Restoration in 1868 restored imperial rule to Japan, with Emperor Meiji assuming the throne.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Despite the 1867 resignation of the last shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the Boshin War had reached northern Japan by late 1868. On September 20, 1868 the pro-Shōgunate Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei was proclaimed at Morioka, the capital of the Nanbu clan who ruled Morioka Domain. The Tsugaru clan first sided with the pro-imperial forces of Satchō Alliance, and attacked nearby Shōnai Domain.<ref name="McClellan, p. 175">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Tsugaru soon switched course, and briefly became a member of the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For reasons unclear, the Tsugaru backed out of the alliance and re-joined the imperial cause after a few months. The Nanbu and Tsugaru clans resumed their old rivalry and fought at the Battle of Noheji.<ref name="McClellan, p. 175"/>
As a result of the minor skirmish, the Tsugaru clan was able to prove its defection from the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei and loyalty to the imperial cause. Tsugaru forces later joined the imperial army in attacking the Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate, where the pro-Shōgunate forces were finally defeated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As a result, the entire clan was able to evade the punitive measures taken by the Meiji government on other northern domains.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
In 1868, Mutsu Province was broken up into five provinces in the aftermath of the Boshin War, with a new province, Rikuō, occupying what would later become Aomori Prefecture and the northwestern corner of Iwate Prefecture.<ref name="3riku"/> On September 4, 1871, Rikuō Province was abolished and divided, establishing today's Aomori Prefecture. Its capital was briefly located in Hirosaki, but it was moved on September to 23, 1871 to the centrally located port village, Aomori City.<ref name="mutsubreakingup"/>
The prefecture's new capital, Aomori City, saw rapid expansion due to its importance as a logistic hub in northern Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It became a town in 1889 and then a city in 1898. The Nippon Railway, a private company, completed the Tōhoku Main Line in 1891, linking Aomori to Ueno Station in Tokyo.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Despite problems with harsh winters and little previous urban development, this accomplishment was crucial to the rapid population and economic development of the prefecture after the Meiji Restoration.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
On October 30, 1889, an American merchant ship, Cheseborough, was wrecked off the prefecture's west coast near the village Shariki; many of the ship's crew were saved by the villagers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During a military exercise on January 23, 1902, 199 soldiers died after getting lost during a blizzard in the Hakkōda Mountains disaster.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On May 3, 1910, a fire broke out in the Template:Ill. Fanned by strong winds, the fire quickly devastated the whole city. The conflagration claimed 26 lives and injured a further 160 residents. It destroyed 5,246 houses and burnt 19 storage sheds and 157 warehouses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sabishiro Beach, Misawa was the departure point for Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon when they began the first successful nonstop trans-Pacific flight on October 4, 1931. They landed in East Wenatchee, Washington a little over 41 hours later.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Throughout much of World War II, the conflict remained distant for the people of Aomori Prefecture. Its ports and railways served to connect Hokkaido to the rest of Japan, chiefly bringing coal from the north to production sites in Japan's more populous areas. This connectivity became a strategic target for the American forces as the war neared its conclusion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At 10:30 p.m. on July 28, 1945, a squadron of American B-29 bombers bombed the city of Aomori. Despite prior warnings, the estimated civilian impact of the air raid on the city was significant,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> partly because of threats by the prefecture's governor to cut food rations for those who fled the city.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> About 90 percent of city structures was destroyed, including 18,000 homes, along with 1,767 people killed and 282 people injured.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Infrastructure was destroyed across the prefecture including the Seikan Ferry, naval facilities in Mutsu and Misawa, Hachinohe Airfield, and the ports and railways of Aomori and Hachinohe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1945 to present
During the occupation of Japan, Aomori Prefecture's military bases were controlled by the US military. Hachinohe Airfield was occupied until 1950, and was called Camp Haugen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Misawa Air Base was occupied and rebuilt by the United States Army Air Forces; since then the base has been shared by the Japanese military and the US military.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The occupation government began an extensive Land Reclamation Policy (LRP) in 1946 aimed at reintegrating the seven million repatriates from Japan's former Asian colonies. This resulted in 269 new villages and 29,612 households on approximately Template:Convert of land in Aomori Prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In March 1985, after 23 years of labor and a financial investment of 690 billion yen, the Seikan Tunnel finally linked the islands of Honshū and Hokkaido, thereby becoming the longest tunnel of its kind in the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Almost exactly three years later, on March 13, railroad service was inaugurated on the Tsugaru Kaikyo Line. The tunnel's opening to rail traffic saw the end of the Seikan Ferry rail service. During their 80 years of service, the Seikan rail ferries sailed between Aomori City and Hakodate some 720,000 times, carrying 160 million passengers. Ferry service continues to operate between the cities, ferrying automobile traffic and passengers rather than trains.<ref name="RailwayOps">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="in">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="for">Template:Cite news</ref>
On June 2, 2007, four North Korean defectors reached Aomori Prefecture, after having been at sea for six days, marking the second known case ever where North Korean defectors have successfully reached Japan by boat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was a family of four, two parents with two adult sons, who made the journey in an open wooden boat and were picked up by the Japan Coast Guard and taken to the port of Fukaura. After being in an immigration center in Ibaraki Prefecture, they were flown from Tokyo to South Korea's Incheon International Airport at their own request.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck the east coast of Japan. The southeastern coast of Aomori Prefecture was affected by the resulting tsunami: three people died and one was missing.<ref name="official deaths as of 2021-03-09">Template:Cite web</ref> Buildings along harbors were damaged, with boats thrown about in the streets.<ref name="quake2011">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Disruptions as result of the earthquake to road and rail networks were widespread throughout the prefecture in the days following the earthquake.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Tōhoku Shinkansen rail line was significantly damaged, cutting connectivity from the prefecture to points south along the line until full service was restored in late September.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During the first week of January 2025, a record setting disaster-level snowfall hit Aomori Prefecture, with snow depths as much as Template:Convert. Sōichirō Miyashita, the provincial governor, called this snowfall a "disaster" and invoked the Disaster Relief Act, the first time the prefecture had done so in 13 years. At least 4 people died as a result of the snowfall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This snowfall did massive damage to the prefecture's important apple harvest, causing an estimated ¥10 billion (US$64.8 million) in damage to the crop. Many apple trees had their trunks and branches broken.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Geography
Aomori Prefecture is the northernmost prefecture in the Tōhoku region,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> lying on the northern end of the island of Honshu. It faces Hokkaido from across the Tsugaru Strait and it borders Akita and Iwate in the south. The prefecture is flanked by the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Japan to the west with the Tsugaru Strait linking those bodies of water to the north of the prefecture. The islets of Kyūroku-jima in the Sea of Japan are the prefecture's westernmost point.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ōma, at the northwestern tip of the axe-shaped Shimokita Peninsula,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> is the northernmost point of Honshu. The Shimokita and Tsugaru Peninsulas enclose Mutsu Bay. Between those peninsulas lies the smaller Natsudomari Peninsula, the northern end of the Ōu Mountains. The three peninsulas are prominently visible in the prefecture's symbol, a stylized map.<ref name="Takaaki">Template:Cite book</ref> Aomori Prefecture is the eighth-largest prefecture, with an area of Template:Cvt, and the 31st-most populous prefecture, with more than 1.18 million people.<ref name="eastasiacongress">Template:Cite web</ref> Mount Iwaki, an active stratovolcano, is the prefecture's highest point, at almost Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Lake Ogawara lies at the base of the Shimokita Peninsula. It is the prefecture's largest lake and the eleventh largest in Japan. It is also the largest brackish lake in the Tōhoku area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lake Towada sits in a volcanic caldera, straddles Aomori Prefecture's boundary with Akita. It is a primary feature of Towada-Hachimantai National Park and is Honshu's largest caldera lake.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Also within the park, the Oirase River flows east towards the Pacific Ocean from Lake Towada. Another feature of the park, the Hakkōda Mountains, an expansive volcanic group, rises in the lands to the south of the city of Aomori and north of Lake Towada.<ref name="Takaaki"/>
Shirakami-Sanchi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located in the Shirakami Mountains in the western part of the prefecture. The site contains the largest surviving virgin beech forest in East Asia, which is home to over 87 species of birds.<ref name="unsesco">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="aomoripref">Template:Cite web</ref> Mount Iwaki, a stratovolcano and the prefecture's highest point lies to northeast of the Shirakami Mountains. The lands to the east and northeast of Mount Iwaki are an expansive floodplain that is drained by the Iwaki River. Hirosaki, the former capital of the Tsugaru clan, sits on the banks of the river.<ref name="Takaaki"/>
As of March 31, 2019, 12 percent of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Towada-Hachimantai and Sanriku Fukkō National Parks; Shimokita Hantō and Tsugaru Quasi-National Parks; and Asamushi-Natsudomari, Ashino Chishōgun, Iwaki Kōgen, Kuroishi Onsenkyō, Nakuidake, Ōwani Ikarigaseki Onsenkyō, and Tsugaru Shirakami Prefectural Natural Parks; and Mount Bonju Prefectural Forest.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Natural resources
Aomori Prefecture is highly biodiverse and rural, with forests covering 66 percent of its land and it promotes responsible forestry practices;<ref name="eucentre">Template:Cite web</ref> the exemplars are the virgin Japanese beech forests of Shirakami-Sanchi. The Shirakami Mountains are primarily granite and sedimentary rock and also include rhyolite and quartz diorite. The prefecture has many waterfalls and rivers. Significant birds and mammals include: harlequin duck, Hodgson's hawk eagle, golden eagle, black woodpecker, Japanese serow, Japanese dormouse, Japanese macaqueTemplate:Emdashthose found on Shimokita Peninsula are the world's northernmost wild primates,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Tsukinowa bear.<ref name="unsesco"/><ref name="aomoripref"/>
Being surrounded on three sides by ocean, marine resources are a significant food source for the entire country of Japan, not just the prefecture, which includes: tuna (especially the "black diamond" type from Ōma),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> akaika (flying squid), scallop, flounder,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> monkfish, sea urchin roe, and konbu (kelp).<ref name="eucentre"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2011, non-ferrous metal mining was 23.7 percent of the prefecture's economy.<ref name="eucentre"/> Ferrous metals and nickel are also mined.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Hachinohe mine is a limestone quarry that is the lowest point in Japan at Template:Convert below sea level.<ref name="mine">Template:Cite web</ref> Tsugaruite is a sulfosalt mineral still being researched that was discovered at the Yunosawa mine in the Tsugaru region in 1997 and approved as a new mineral by the International Mineralogical Association in 1998.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Cities, towns, and villages
Template:See also Template:Main
Climate
Aomori Prefecture has four distinct seasons, with an average annual temperature of Template:Cvt. Variations in climate exist between the eastern (Pacific Ocean) and the western (Sea of Japan) parts of the prefecture. This is in part due to the Ōu Mountains that run north to south in the middle of the prefecture, dividing the two regions. The western side is subject to heavy monsoons and receives little sunshine; it experiences heavy snowfall during the winter. The eastern side is subject to low clouds brought in by northeasterly winds during the summer months, known locally as Yamase winds, from June through August, with temperatures staying relatively low. There are instances of Yamase winds making summers so cold that food production is hindered. The lowest recorded temperature during the winter is Template:Cvt, and the highest recorded temperature during the summer is Template:Cvt.<ref name="Takaaki"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The city of Aomori and the surrounding areas are known for having the heaviest snowfall in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2016, AccuWeather ranked Aomori as the snowiest city in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Temperature comparison
Demographics
Template:Historical populations
A person living in or from Aomori Prefecture is referred to as an Aomorian in English.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As of 2017, the prefecture had a total population of 1.28 million residents, accounting for just over 1 percent of Japan's total population.<ref name="economy"/> Approximately 45 percent of Aomori Prefecture's residents live in its two core cities, Aomori and Hachinohe, on its coastal plains.<ref name="citypop" /> The majority of the prefecture is covered in forested mountain ranges, with population centers occupying valleys and plains.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Aomori is the third-most populous prefecture in the Tōhoku region, after Miyagi Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture.<ref name="citypop"/>
Aomori Prefecture's population grew until the late 20th century.<ref name="citypop"/><ref name="statpop"/> Japan's population growth rate started declining in 1970 and the total population peaked in 2010 at 128 million.<ref name="Kushida">Template:Cite journal</ref> Aomori Prefecture has the 5th highest percentage of population of seniors among all prefectures at 34.8 percent. This percentage is expected to be 46.8 percent by 2045, resulting in the prefecture having the second highest rate above age 65 by then. The total population is expected to fall by 35 percent by 2050.<ref name="Kushida"/> Exacerbating this problem is the prefecture's declining total fertility rate (TFR). In 1925, the prefecture's TFR was 6.32, but by 2008 it had fallen to 2.04.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2022, the prefecture's birth rate was 1.24, the lowest in its recorded history.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2018, Aomori Prefecture saw the second largest decrease in the number of Japanese citizens out of any prefecture in the country. Only neighboring Akita Prefecture lost more citizens than Aomori Prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July 2025 the "Aomori Declaration" was issued by a meeting held in Aomori City of the National Governors' Association to address Japan's declining population, describing it as "the biggest challenge" facing the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2017, 23,529 people moved out of Aomori Prefecture, while 17,454 people moved to the prefecture.<ref name="economy"/>
<ref name="economy" /> In 2018, about 590,000 of the prefecture's residents were men and 670,000 were women, 10.8 percent of the population was below the age of 15, 56.6 percent of residents were between the ages of 15 and 64, and 32.6 percent was above the age of 64.<ref name=":0" /> In the same year the prefecture had a density of 130.9 people per square kilometer.Japan is noted for long lifespans, however Aomori Prefecture has the lowest male and female life expectancy of the whole country, for which high salt consumption and low physical activity are factors.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2020, Aomori Prefecture the fifth lowest ratio of foreign immigrants of all Japan's prefectures.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Scholars suggest that immigration is not expected to reverse the prefecture's population decline, as immigration to Japan is limited.<ref name="Kushida" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2007, Aomori Prefecture had the 7th lowest number of international marriages among all of Japan's prefectures, with only 664 marriages where one of the spouses was a foreigner.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Economy
Like much of the Tōhoku Region, Aomori Prefecture remains dominated by primary sector industries, such as farming, forestry and fishing. The prefecture's forestry industry is centered around the cultivation and harvesting of hiba, a cypress tree utilized in construction of wooden structures across the country.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2015, its economy had a GDP of 4,541.2 billion yen, which represented about 0.83 percent of Japan's economy.<ref name="economy">Template:Cite web</ref> Aomori Prefecture generates the largest amount of wind energy out of the prefectures of Japan, with large wind farms located on the Shimokita Peninsula and Tsugaru.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The peninsula is also home to the inactive Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant that is owned by Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited, a company headquartered in the village of Rokkasho that is involved in the production of nuclear fuel, as well as the reprocessing, storage, and disposal of nuclear waste.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July 2024, the governor of Aomori Prefecture announced the approval of a nuclear waste storage facility in town of Mutsu.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city of Hachinohe is home to the Pacific Metals Company, a manufacturer of ferronickel products.<ref name="Takaaki"/>
Agriculture
Aomori Prefecture is a leading agricultural region in Japan. It has Japan's largest producer of apples for more than 100 years, growing about 60 percent of Japan's total apple production, producing 50 million tons yearly.<ref name="best">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="applepark">Template:Cite news</ref> The cultivation of apples in the prefecture began in 1875 when the prefecture was given three varieties of Western origin to grow. Most imported apple trees came from the France and United States.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The apples are consumed within Japan and exported to the United States, China, Taiwan, and Thailand.<ref name="Takaaki"/> Aomori Prefecture is also ranked highly in the nation's production of redcurrant, burdock, and garlic,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> accounting for 81, 37, and 66 percent, respectively, of the country's production.<ref name="best"/> Climate change is having a negative impact on agriculture in Aomori Prefecture, especially on apples and other fruits.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Aomori Prefecture is also the center of Hakkōda cattle rearing, a rare, region-specific breed of Japanese Shorthorn.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The town of Gonohe has a long history as a breeding center for horses, popular among the samurai. With the decline of the samurai, Gonohe's horses continued to be bred for their meat. The lean horse meat is coveted as a delicacy, especially when served in its raw form, known as Template:Nihongo. The Aomori Prefecture coastline along Mutsu Bay is a large source of scallops; they are particularly a specialty of the town Hiranai, where the calm water around Natsudomari Peninsula makes a good home for them.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tourism
Aomori Prefecture was among the top five prefectures of Japan in terms of growth in foreign tourists between 2012 and 2017.<ref name="boom">Template:Cite news</ref> This influx of foreign tourists has led to the construction of more hotels in Aomori Prefecture.<ref name="boom"/> Major draws to the prefecture are its historic sites,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> museums, and national parks. Several of the prefecture's Jōmon period historic sites were nominated in January 2009 to become UNESCO World Heritage Sites and were placed on the World Heritage Tentative List.<ref name="ICOMOS">Template:Cite web</ref> On July 27, 2021 the other Jōmon sites, totaling 17 sites, in neighboring prefectures were placed on the World Heritage Site list.<ref name="ICOMOS"/><ref name="UNESCOlist">Template:Cite web</ref> These sites were the second sites in Aomori Prefecture placed on the list. The first was Shirakami-Sanchi, an area of virgin forests. Tourist access to Shirakami-Sanchi is heavily restricted due to its delicate ecosystem, though several water features, trails, and roads can be accessed by its visitors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> About 35.2 million domestic travelers visited Aomori Prefecture in 2016, while about 95,000 foreign tourists visited in 2017.<ref name="economy"/>
Military
Aomori Prefecture and the Tsugaru Strait are of strategic value to both Japan and the United States, as the strait serves as an access point for the United States Navy into the Sea of Japan where they can put pressure on Russia, China, and North Korea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The prefecture also hosts Misawa Air Base, the only combined, joint U.S. service installation in the western Pacific servicing Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Space Force, and Air Force, as well as the Japan Self-Defense Forces.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Culture
Crafts
The Tsugaru region of Aomori Prefecture is the birthplace of the traditional Tsugaru-jamisen, a local style of music played on the shamisen (a threeTemplate:Ndashstringed musical instrument). A notable player of the style was Takahashi Chikuzan, a blind musician from Hiranai, who wandered around the country and eventually gained nationwide appeal.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="shaku">Template:Cite web</ref> Aomori Prefecture is also where the decorative embroidery styles, kogin-zashi and Nanbu hishizashi originated, as more utilitarian textile techniques during the Edo period. The peasant women of the area, who created the styles, used them to make linen clothing more robust and warm during the harsh winters since cotton was unavailable to the lower class.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wooden horse figures called Yawata-uma (also Hachinohe horse) Have Been Made in the Former Holdings of the Nanbu for 700 Years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="tohokutravel">Template:Cite web</ref> Hachinohe horses are often given at celebrations as they are believed to bring good luck.<ref name="tohokutravel"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other crafts native to Aomori Prefecture include pottery, lacquerware, cabinetry, and iron working.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The type of lacquerware specific to Aomori Prefecture is known as Tsugaru-Nuri.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cuisine
Aomori Prefecture has given rise to several soups: ke porridge or Keno-jiru, which consists of miso soup with diced root vegetables and wild plants such as butterbur and bracken with tofu from the Tsugaru area; ichigoni, a sea urchin roe and abalone soup in which the sea urchin roe looks like strawberries, known as ichigo in Japanese, from the town of Hashikami; hittsumi a roux with chicken and vegetables from the Nanbu area; Hachinohe senbei soup a hearty soup with Nanbu senbei loaded with vegetables and chicken; jappa-jiru a vegetable soup with cod roe from Aomori City; and keiran a red bean dumpling soy sauce soup served during special occasions on the Shimokita Peninsula. Another dish that was created in the area surrounding Mutsu Bay is kaiya in the Tsugaru area or kayaki on the Shimokita Peninsula, it is a boiled miso and egg dish mixed with fish or scallop meat on a large scallop shell that serves as both the cookware and dishes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2006, the production of aged black garlic began in Aomori Prefecture. The prefecture has since become the largest producer of black garlic in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Festivals
Aomori Prefecture hosts the Aomori Nebuta Matsuri, one of the Template:Ill annually in early August. The other two Great Festivals are Akita Kanto and the Sendai Tanabata, which are held elsewhere in Tōhoku.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During late April, hanami festivals are held across the prefecture, with the most prominent being located on the grounds of Hirosaki Castle.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ong">Template:Cite web</ref> Many unique festivals are held during summer with bright lights, floats, dancing and music; including Aomori Nebuta Matsuri as well as several other iterations of the festival throughout the towns and cities of the prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Winter is centered on snow festivals where attendees can view ice sculptures and eat local cuisine inside ice huts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tsugaru's festivals tie in to its past and are more rural and community in nature than religious; even though they mix Shinto and Buddhist practices as well as music and dance.<ref name="rausch">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Arts and literature
Osamu Dazai, the writer of Japan's second most popular novel No Longer Human,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> is one of the prefecture's best-known writers.<ref name="Dazai">Template:Cite book</ref> Shunsuke Kikuchi, a composer for series such as Dragon Ball and Doraemon, was born in the city of Hirosaki.<ref name="Kikuchi">Template:Cite news</ref> The creator of the supernatural manga series Shaman King, Hiroyuki Takei, is from the village of Yomogita in northwestern Aomori Prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The comedian Daimaō Kosaka, known widely for his viral single "PPAP (Pen-Pineapple-Apple-Pen)", was born in Aomori Prefecture.<ref name="PPAP">Template:Cite web</ref> Sōsaku-hanga artist Shikō Munakata was born in Aomori City.<ref name="Munakata">Template:Cite web</ref> Much of his art was inspired by the prefecture's natural qualities and rural culture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Religion
Japanese religious beliefs are very syncretic,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> known as Shinbutsu-shūgō. About 95 percent of the populations is either Buddhist or Shinto. The formal separation of those two religions did not occur until the late 19th century and is known as Shinbutsu bunri.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This began occurring during the Meiji Restoration when a series of laws began to be passed. There is no agreement among modern theologians as to the degree of melding of the two religions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Christianity comprises about 1-2 percent of the population of Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Christian population is concentrated mostly in Tokyo and western Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Aomori, Christians are less than 1 percent of the population.<ref>Template:Cite web Religion by prefecture chart in English</ref>
The Takayama Inari Shrine is a Shinto shrine located in Tsugaru. People come here to offer prayers on behalf of business prosperity, plentiful harvests, and maritime safety. There is a memorial with a Christian cross dedicated to American sailors who died when the Cheseborough ran aground in a typhoon at Shariki, Aomori in 1889.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Mount Osore, located on the Shimokita Peninsula of the prefecture, is covered with a barren landscape, jagged rock formations, and smells of sulfuric gases. It is considered a gateway to the underworld in some belief systems. The Bodai-ji Temple is located here and it specializes in taking care of the dead and is the traditional home to the itako blind mediums who connect with the dead.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Blind mediums
Itako, also known as ichiko or ogamisama, are blind women who train to become spiritual mediums in Japan.<ref name="Fackler-NYTimes">Template:Cite news</ref> They are strongly associated with Aomori Prefecture and today they are most commonly associated with the Mt. Osore area of the prefecture. Itako have traditionally gathered there for an annual festival to channel the dead.<ref name="Schatt2003">Template:Cite book</ref> Itako perform ceremonies to communicate with spirits of the recently deceased,<ref name="Blacker">Template:Cite book</ref> including those of aborted and stillborn children.<ref name="Breen2013">Template:Cite book</ref>
The tradition of itako arose because in earlier times the prefecture had very poor nutrition and sanitation, causing many children to go blind. In order for these children to be able to make a living, the females were trained as itako and the males for professions such as acupuncture, massage, moxibustion, and playing shamisen.<ref name="Breen2013"/><ref name="tadashi">Template:Cite web</ref> Blindness has long been associated with spiritual powers in Japan.<ref name="tadashi" /><ref name="deFerranti">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Subscription required</ref>
Itako training traditionally began at a very young age, and included ritualized exposure to cold water. Hundreds of buckets of ice water could be poured on their bodies over the course of a few days.<ref name="Blacker" /> This education for itako takes about three years, and also includes memorization of songs and sutras.<ref name="Kawamura">Template:Cite web</ref> This training involves severe ascetic practices, after which the woman is said to be able to communicate with Japanese Shinto spirits, kami, and the spirits of the dead.<ref name="Blacker" /> At the end of this training, a ceremony is held, announcing the marriage of the itako and her patron spirit.<ref name="UNESCOcenter">Template:Cite web</ref> Itako perform rituals tied to communication with the dead and divination.<ref name="Blacker" /><ref name="Ivy">Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1950s to 1970s there were still dozens of itako in the prefecture.<ref name="tadashi"/> The practice has been on the decline since then. As of 2009, there were only 20 living itako in Japan, all more than 40 years old.<ref name="Fackler-NYTimes" />
Tomb of Christ
Purportedly ancient documents were published in 1935, claiming Jesus preached and died at age 106 in Shingō village in Aomori Prefecture.Template:Efn The documents, known as the "Takeuchi manuscript" or "Takeuchi documents",<ref name="mainichichrist"/> claim Jesus did not die on the cross, but rather his brother did and Jesus made his way to Aomori Prefecture via Siberia. Jesus then married a young woman named Miyuko and fathered three daughters.<ref name="byu"/> During this time he trained for 12 years and then began to spread Christianity. His purported grave is in Shingō and 20,000-30,000 thousand visitors see it every year. In June 1964 an annual festival began being held at the gravesite.<ref name="Smithsonian"/><ref name="mainichichrist"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jesus' eldest purported daughter married into the Sawaguchi family and there are still members of that family who claim non-Asian physical characteristics and lineage from Jesus.<ref name="byu"/>
Landmarks
Hirosaki Castle was the seat of the Tsugaru clan; it was constructed in 1611. It is the only castle in the Tōhoku region from the Edo period that is still standing and is located in the western part of the prefecture. Festivals held on the grounds of Hirosaki Castle include the Cherry Blossom Festival and Snow Lantern Festival.<ref name="ong"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Sannai-Maruyama Site is an early-middle Jōmon period site where thousands of artifacts have been found. It is located in Sannai, Aomori City.<ref name="habu"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was designated as a Special National Historical Site of Japan in 2000,<ref name= "Bunka1">Template:Cite web</ref> and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Jōmon Prehistoric Sites in Northern Japan collection in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The site has various reconstructions of Jōmon structures, and a museum that displays and houses artifacts collected on the site, which have collectively been designated an Important Cultural Property of Japan.<ref name= "Bunka2">Template:Cite web</ref>
Osamu Dazai Memorial Museum, also known as Shayōkan, is a museum that was formerly a writer's home built in 1907 located in Kanagi area of Goshogawara.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While consisting mostly of Japanese style architecture, there are also Westen influences, such as the staircase. It is an Important Cultural Property of Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Aomori Museum of Art is located near the Sannai-Maruyama Site,<ref name="takemi">Template:Cite book</ref> which inspired the museum's partially buried structure.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It opened in 2006 focusing on highlighting the arts of northern Tōhoku. An Template:Convert tall concrete sculpture of a dog has become the museum's symbol.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The museum has helped increase tourism in the area and is most noted for its collection of Marc Chagall's backdrops for the play Aleko.<ref name="takemi"/> The Towada Art Center is a set of geometric structures designed by SANAA and opened in 2008 in an effort to revitalize downtown Towada. It focuses on art that blends city structures and nature. Some of the works it holds are by Ron Mueck and Yoko Ono.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Aomori Prefecture Tourist Center, also known as Aomori Prefecture Tourism Information Center (ASPAM: "Aomori", "Sightseeing", "Products", "Mansion".), is large triangle shaped building built in 1986 in Aomori City used to promote tourism in the prefecture. It has a 360-degree panoramic movie theater, a Kogin-zashi embroidery demonstration, apple sales, and an observatory.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Sports
The two largest cities of the prefecture, Aomori and Hachinohe, both host professional sports teams. Both cities have professional soccer clubs in the Japan Professional Football League: Aomori City's ReinMeer Aomori and Hachinohe's Vanraure Hachinohe. Other professional sports teams in the two cities include the Aomori Wat's, a basketball team from Aomori City in the B.League and the Tohoku Free Blades, an ice hockey team from Hachinohe that competes in the Asia League.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Aomori Prefecture hosted the 2003 Asian Winter Games in February 2003.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Approximately 1,200 athletes from 29 Asian countries participated in the games. Five venues across the prefecture held 51 different events.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Aomori Prefecture is scheduled to host the 80th National Sports Festival of Japan in 2026.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Aomori Prefecture was to have hosted these games in 2025, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic the games were delayed for a year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The prefecture has produced some professional athletes. Yoshisada Yonezuka from the town of Nakadomari was a martial arts instructor for USA Judo.<ref name="Yonezuka">Template:Cite web</ref> He coached the team in the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several ice hockey players are from Aomori, such as Masami Tanabu, who later became a politician,<ref name="SportsRef">Template:Cite Sports-Reference</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Fumika Sasano.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Club | Sport | League | Stadium and city |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aomori Wat's | Basketball | B.League (East Second Division) | Maeda Arena, Aomori<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
| ReinMeer Aomori | Association football | Japan Football League (JFL) | Maeda Arena, Aomori<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Tohoku Free Blades | Ice hockey | Asia League Ice Hockey | Flat Arena, Hachinohe<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Vanraure Hachinohe | Association football | Japan Professional Football League (J3 League) | Prifoods Stadium, Hachinohe<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Club | Sport | League | Stadium and city |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blancdieu Hirosaki FC | Association football | Tohoku Soccer League (Division 1) | Hirosaki Sports Park, Hirosaki<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Template:Ill | Baseball | Japan Amateur Baseball Association | Hirosaki<ref name="Areds">Template:Cite news</ref> |
| Template:Ill | Baseball | Japan Amateur Baseball Association | Goshogawara<ref name="Areds"/> |
Other teams
The Aomori Curling Club was a member of the Japan Curling Association from the city of Aomori that represented Japan in the 2006 Winter Olympics and the 2010 Winter Olympics and several World Curling Championships. The club was disbanded in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sumo
The prefecture is known as the Template:Nihongo due to the success of its wrestlers in the professional divisions. Aomori is the home prefecture of Template:Tlit (the highest rank in sumo) Kagamisato, Wakanohana I, Tochinoumi, Wakanohana II, Takanosato, and Asahifuji. Although the prefecture is second in terms of producing the most Template:Tlit (behind Hokkaido),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Aomori earned its title by always having at least one wrestler from the prefecture in the top Template:Tlit division since Ichinoya in 1883.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In September 2025, this continuity was threatened when Takerufuji withdrew due to injury, forcing him to drop down to the second division Template:Tlit for the November tournament. At the same time, however, Nishikifuji achieved a high enough score to return him to the top division, thus continuing the streak for a 142nd year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The prefecture is facing a decline in the number of professional recruits, falling from 50 natives in the 1950s, to just 10 in the 2020s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Government
Aomori Prefecture's head of government is a governor, with the seat of the prefectural government in the city of Aomori.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There are 48 members in the Aomori Prefectural Assembly, which is unicameral. Members are elected to four-year terms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In terms of national politics, the prefecture has three single-member districts: Aomori 1st district, Aomori 2nd district, Aomori 3rd district, each a constituency of the House of Representatives in the national Diet of Japan.<ref name="eastasiacongress"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, the prefecture has two members elected from the Aomori at-large district to the House of Councillors in the Diet. The at-large members are elected to six-year terms in staggered elections every three years.<ref name="at-large">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="nhk2022">Template:Cite web</ref>
Aomori Prefecture is traditionally a stronghold of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), though the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) has won some elections since its formation in 2017.<ref name="at-large" /><ref name="nhk2022" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One of Aomori Prefecture's Notable Politicians is LDP member Tadamori Ōshima, who served as the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2000-2002), Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2002-2003), and Speaker of the House of Representatives of Japan (2015-2021). He also held several leadership positions in the LDP.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="kantei">Template:Cite web</ref>
Education
Aomori Prefecture's most prominent university is Hirosaki University, which was formed by the combination of several colleges and higher education schools in 1949 in accordance with the National School Establishment Law of 1949.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The prefecture has two other public universities, Aomori Public University<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Aomori University of Health and Welfare.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Several private universities are also located in Aomori Prefecture. Among them are Aomori University, Hachinohe Gakuin University, Hachinohe Institute of Technology, Hirosaki Gakuin University, Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare, Tohoku Women's College, and the Towada Campus of Kitasato University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Aomori Prefecture Board of Education oversees various aspects of the prefecture's educational system including the management of libraries, the Aomori Prefectural Museum, and various educational support offices and centers. In all, the prefecture allocated 130.3 billion yen towards education in 2018. In 2017 the prefecture's public school system was teaching 133,507 primary and secondary students, a sharp decrease from a total of 173,537 students ten years earlier. Overall the prefecture has 94 kindergartens (1 of which is a national school and 3 that are public), 289 elementary schools (1 of which is a national school and 288 that are run by municipal governments), 161 middle schools (1 of which is a national school, another which is run by the prefecture, 4 that are private, and 155 that are run by municipal governments), and 95 high schools.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Transportation
Aomori Prefecture has Template:Cvt of roads, highways, and streets, along with Template:Cvt of expressways.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Four major expressways pass through the prefecture: the Tōhoku Expressway, which runs south–north through center of the prefecture; the incomplete Tsugaru Expressway, running east–west in the southwestern portion of the prefecture; the partially-complete Hachinohe-Kuji Expressway that travels south–north along the prefecture's eastern coast to Hachinohe; and the partially-complete Shimokita Expressway that travels south–north along Shimokita Peninsula from the town of Noheji to the city of Mutsu.<ref name="Expressways">Template:Cite web</ref>
Several auxiliary routes of the Tōhoku Expressway also serve the prefecture. The Aomori Expressway and Hachinohe Expressway, spur routes into the eastern part of the city of Aomori and central Hachinohe. A spur of the Hachinohe Expressway continues northwest across the eastern side of the prefecture towards the prefecture's capital. It is made up of several named routes: the Momoishi Toll Road, the Daini-Michinoku Toll Road, the Kamikita Expressway, and the Michinoku Toll Road.<ref name="highways">Template:Cite web</ref> Several national highways pass through the prefecture. National routes 4, 7, and 45 are primary routes that link the prefectural capital to the capitals of other prefectures across Japan. Additional national routes in Aomori Prefecture include routes 101, 102, 103, 104, 279, 280, 282, 338, 339, 340, 394, and 454. Two of the prefecture's national highways also continue north across the Tsugaru Strait to Hokkaido: National Route 279, which is carried to Hakodate by the Tsugaru Kaikyō Ferry; and National Route 280, which was previously carried by ferry to the town of Fukushima, Hokkaido, though the route is still signed from Fukushima to Hakodate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Railways have played an important role in Aomori Prefecture's transportation network and development since the Meiji period. Aomori Station, Shin-Aomori Station, Hachinohe Station, Hirosaki Station, and Shichinohe-Towada Station are major rail stations operating in Aomori Prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The East Japan Railway Company (JR East), operates several rail lines in the prefecture: the Tōhoku Shinkansen, the Tōhoku Main Line, the Ōu Main Line, the Ōminato Line, the Gonō Line, the Hachinohe Line, and the Tsugaru Line. Other notable rail operators in the prefecture are the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), that runs the Hokkaido Shinkansen through the Seikan Tunnel to and from Hokkaido, the Aoimori Railway that operates passenger services on the Tōhoku Main Line,<ref name="highways"/> and the northernmost privately owned railway in Japan, the Tsugaru Railway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Maritime transport in Aomori Prefecture operates primarily from the ports of Aomori City, Mutsuogawara, and Hachinohe, though smaller ports are found throughout the prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The ports at Aomori City and Hachinohe both serve cruise ships and ferry lines.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Additionally, a ferry line operates between Ōma and Hakodate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Prior to the opening of the Seikan Tunnel, rail ferries operated by the Japanese National Railways linked Aomori Station and Hakodate Station as the primary connection between Hokkaido and the rest of Japan. A museum dedicated to the historic rail ferries operates near Aomori Station in a former rail ferryboat, the Hakkoda Maru.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 1995, Aomori Airport began offering a regular international air service.<ref name="history">Template:Cite web</ref>
There are two commercial airports located within Aomori Prefecture, Aomori Airport and Misawa Airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Both airports are relatively small, though Aomori Airport offers regular international flights to South Korea and Taiwan, in addition to domestic flights to several cities. Combined the prefecture's two commercial airports moved 1.56 million passengers in 2024, with Aomori Airport handling 1.23 million of them.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Symbols and names
During the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search conducted in Flagstaff, Arizona for main-belt asteroids that have a risk of coming close to Earth,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> observers discovered 19701 Aomori, an asteroid which they named after Aomori Prefecture. 19701 Aomori was given its name on May 9, 2012 after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami to pay respect towards the damaged communities along the prefecture's southeastern coast.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Prefectural symbols
Since 1961, the prefectural symbol of Aomori is a green stylized map of the prefecture on a white background, showing the crown of Honshū: the Tsugaru, Natsudomari and Shimokita Peninsulas. The green is representative of development while the white symbolizes the vastness of the world.<ref name="Symbols">Template:Cite web</ref>
The prefectural bird has been Bewick's swan since 1964, the species migrates to the area during the winter. In 1966, the prefecture designated the hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata) as its prefectural tree. The apple blossom was designated as the prefectural flower in 1971 to pay homage to the prefecture's apple production. In 1987, the Japanese halibut was designated as the prefectural fish.<ref name="Symbols"/>
Dialects
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Tōhoku dialect, one of the three main dialects of Japan, is spoken in Aomori Prefecture. The most widespread variants are the Tsugaru dialect, Nanbu dialect, and Shimokita dialect. The boundary determining which of these dialects are spoken is mainly along the former border of the Tsugaru and Nanbu clans between Hiranai and Noheji, with some overlap.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Speakers of the Tsugaru dialect are typically centered around Hirosaki, while those who use the Nanbu dialect are centered around Hachinohe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Shimokita dialect is used on the Shimokita Peninsula around Mutsu and has been recognized as having enough differences to distinguish it from the Nanbu dialect.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> It was also used in combination with the Nanbu dialect in an early Japanese–Russian dictionary written by a man whose father came from the Shimokita Peninsula.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Ainu people, culture, and language still influence Aomori Prefecture, including several Ainu words that are still in use, place names in particular.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The oldest discovered compilation of words and phrases of the Nanbu dialect was written in 1790 followed by a dictionary of the Tsugaru dialect in 1809.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Special features of the Aomori Prefecture dialects include an atypical intonation,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> voicing consonants that are typically unvoiced (e.g. [k] sounds become [g]),<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> and the addition of voiced velar nasal sounds and corresponding kana (か゚ [ŋa], き゚ [ŋi], く゚ [ŋu], け゚ [ŋe], and こ゚ [ŋo]).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
There is a negative connotation associated with the Tōhoku dialect, associated with rurality and laziness. In shogunate times, government officials visiting the prefecture considered the Nanbu dialect very hard to understand. People from the entire Tōhoku region were often considered unsophisticated, simple, and rural and their accent was often the object of jokes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The name for the defunct Mutsu Province uses the same kanji symbol, 陸奥, as the Japanese phrase for Template:Nihongo. The inhabitants were called Template:Nihongo and Template:Nihongo.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Due to these negative perceptions, speakers of Tōhoku dialects will often hide their accents.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A study performed in 2016 indicated that people from Aomori Prefecture who are 70 years and older frequently use these dialects, while use becomes less frequent the younger a person is, regardless of fluency.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Additionally, the study revealed that when traveling to Tokyo, older generations will continue to use their dialect, while younger generations switch to standard Japanese. Over half of each generation surveyed preferred to use their local dialect when talking to Tokyoites in Aomori Prefecture.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Dialectal forms are more common in the Tsugaru region of Aomori Prefecture and forms a significant part of the cultural identity of the local population.<ref name="rausch"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Southern Tōhoku reveals a transition from standard language to dialects of Aomori Prefecture.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Media
The largest newspaper by readership in Aomori Prefecture is The Tōō Nippō Press with a daily readership of 245,000, 56 percent of the total share of the newspaper market in the region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The newspaper also runs a radio news station which is broadcast by the Aomori Broadcasting Corporation (RAB).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other local newspapers are Hachinohe's The Daily Tōhoku Shimbun,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hirosaki's Mutsu Shimpō,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Kuroishi's Tsugaru Shinpō.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Four television stations are broadcast in Aomori Prefecture. RAB is a television and radio broadcaster based in the capital that is affiliated with the Japan Radio Network, National Radio Network, and Nippon News Network. RAB uses the call signs JOGR-DTV for digital television broadcasts and JOGE, JOGO, and JOGR for radio broadcasts in Hirosaki, Hachinohe, and Aomori City, respectively. Japan News Network's affiliate, Aomori Television began broadcasting with the call sign JOAI on 1 December 1969. Asahi Broadcasting Aomori. NHK broadcasts radio, television, and digital television from NHK Aomori with the call signs JOTC and JOTG. NHK radio services began on April 17, 1941, while television broadcasts commenced on March 22, 1959.<ref name="RAB">Template:Cite web</ref>
Hani Motoko, a native of Hachinohe, is considered to be Japan's first female journalist. She became known for her column about famous Japanese women that began publication in 1897 in the Hōchi Shimbun. Motoko later started a journal, that focused on the values of middle-class women.<ref name="Motoko">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Notes
References
External links
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- Aomori Prefecture Official Website Template:In lang
- Aomori Prefecture Official Website Template:In lang
- Template:Cite AV media - Actual video footage of the damage to and occupation of Sapporo and Aomori at the end of WWII.
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