Voiced velar nasal

A voiced velar nasal, also known as eng, engma, or agma (from Greek Template:Lang Template:Transliteration 'fragment'), is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. The IPA symbol Template:Angbr IPA is similar to Template:Angbr IPA, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to Template:Angbr IPA, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.

While almost all languages have Template:IPA and Template:IPA as phonemes, Template:IPA is rarer.<ref>Template:Harvp. The oral counterparts Template:IPA are found together in almost all languages</ref> Half of the 469 languages surveyed in Template:Harvp had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages of the Americas, the Middle East, or the Caucasus, but it is extremely common among Australian Aboriginal languages, languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asian and Southeast Asian languages, and Polynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as the Romance languages, it occurs as an allophone of Template:IPA before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this phenomenon is the word income; its underlying representation, Template:IPA, can be realized as either Template:IPA or Template:IPA.

An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which Template:IPA is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar Template:IPAblink even before velar consonants.Template:Sfnp

Some languages have a pre-velar nasal,<ref>Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".</ref> which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.

Conversely, some languages have a post-velar nasal,<ref>Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".</ref> which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.

Features

Features of a voiced velar nasal:

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'because'
AleutTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'five'
Arabic	Hejazi Template:Citation needed	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'brazier'	Allophone of Template:IPA before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian	EasternTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'friend'	Allophone of Template:IPA before velar consonants
Assamese		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'color'
Asturian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'no'	Allophone of Template:IPA in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
Bambara		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'guitar'
Bashkir		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:Audio-IPA	'one thousand'
Basque		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'leg'
Bengali		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'color'
Bulgarian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'thin'
Burmese		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'chilli'
Cantonese		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'raise'	See Cantonese phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'blood'	See Catalan phonology
Cebuano		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'why'
Chamorro		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'duck'
Chukchi		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'three'
Czech		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tank'	See Czech phonology
Dinka		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'who'
Danish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'song'	See Danish phonology
DutchTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'fear'	See Dutch phonology
Eastern Min		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'suspect'
English		sing	Template:Audio-IPA	'sing'	Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroese		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'meadow'
Fijian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'child'
Finnish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'cloth'	Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before Template:IPA. See Finnish phonology
FrenchTemplate:Sfnp	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'camping'	Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
	Southern France	Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'bread'	For many speakers, Template:IPA acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate.
Galician		Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'one' (f.)
Gan		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'tooth'
German		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'long'	See Standard German phonology
Georgian		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'egoism/greed'	Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA and Template:IPA in colloquial or fast speech.
Greek		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'Stress'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hakka	Sixian	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'I'
Hebrew	Standard	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'English language'	Allophone of Template:IPA before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
	Sephardi	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'Ayin'	See Sephardi Hebrew
Hiligaynon		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'crazy/mentally unstable'
Hindustani	Hindi	Template:Lang / Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'color'	See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration
	Fiji Hindustani	Template:Lang
Ho		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'big'
Hungarian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'shirt'	Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tunnel'	See Icelandic phonology
Ilocano		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to chew'
Inuktitut		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'dog'
Inuvialuktun		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'snores'
Irish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'their voice'	Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'also'	Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA and Template:IPA. See Italian phonology
Itelmen		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'one'
Japanese	Standard	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'the South Pole'	See Japanese phonology
	Eastern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'key'
Javanese		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	stink	Additional Template:IPA caused by vowel after Template:IPA sounding
Jin	Yuci	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'I'
KagayanenTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'older sister'
Karelian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'fishing rod'	Occurs only before Template:IPA, Template:IPA and Template:IPA.
Karen	Eastern Pwo	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'enter into a heated argument'
	Western Pwo	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'stupid; not very intelligent'
Kazakh		Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'thousand'
Kyrgyz		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA
Ket		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'to damn'
Khasi		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'honey'
Khmer		Template:Ubl	Template:Ubl	Template:Ubl	See Khmer phonology
Korean		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'window frost'	See Korean phonology
Kurdish	Northern	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'war'	See Kurdish phonology
	Central	Template:Lang / Template:Lang
	Southern
Luganda		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'hornbill'
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'nobody'	See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'English'	Occurs as an allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA and Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Malay	Malaysian and Indonesian	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'wake up'
	Kelantan-Pattani	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'here'	See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
	Terengganu	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'chicken'	See Terengganu Malay
MalayalamTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration /مٰاۼَ	Template:IPA	'mango'
Mandarin	Standard	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'Beijing'	Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology
	Sichuanese	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'I'
Marathi		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'colour'	See Marathi phonology
Mari		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'human'
Minangkabau		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'nonsense'
Mongolian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'sky'
Nepali		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'nail'	See Nepali phonology
Nganasan		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'mouth'
Nivkh		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'seven'
North Frisian	Mooring	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'stove'
Northern Min		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'outside'
Northern SámiTemplate:Sfnp	Eastern Finnmark	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'behind'
	Western Finnmark	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'many'	Template:IPA has merged with Template:IPA in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops.
Norwegian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'hallway'	See Norwegian phonology
Odia		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'and'
Okinawan		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to'	Allophone of Template:IPA before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects.
Ottoman Turkish		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	[jeŋi]	'new'
Panjabi	Gurmukhi	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'color'
	Shahmukhi	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration
Persian	Iranian Persian		Template:IPA		Allophone of Template:IPA before velar plosives. See Persian phonology
Pipil		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'later'
PolishTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'bank'	Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA; post-palatal before Template:IPA.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Polish phonology
Portuguese		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'mango'	Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA and Template:IPA, when the speaker does not delete the Template:IPA by fusing it with the preceding vowel.
Occitan	Provençal	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'wine'
Rapanui	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'bay'	Sometimes written Template:Angbr in Rapanui
Romanian	Țara Moților TransylvanianTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'dog'	Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA in Standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Samoan		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'language'
Serbo-Croatian<ref name="Landau1999">Template:Harvp</ref>		Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'pause'	Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.<ref name="Landau1999"/> See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Seri		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Seri people'
Shona		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'traditional healer'
Slovene		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tank'
Southern Min	Hokkien	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'yellow'
	Teochew	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp	All dialects	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Sunday'	Allophone of Template:IPA before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology
	Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, Andean, and most Caribbean dialects	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tar'	Allophone of Template:IPA in word-final position regardless of what follows.
Swahili		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'cow'
Swedish	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'nothing'	See Swedish phonology
	Southern Västerbotten<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'knife'
Tagalog		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'opening one's mouth'
Tamil		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration /ْيِࢳࢴࣣي	Template:IPA	'here'
Telugu		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'literature'	Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop
Tibetan	Standard	Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'I'
Thai		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'work'
Nuer - Thok Nath		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'who?' or 'Is who?'
Tongan		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'man'
Tuamotuan		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'sky'
Tundra Nenets		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'head'
Tupi		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to make'	See Tupian phonology
Turkmen		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'thousand'
Tyap		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'child'
Uzbek		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'thousand'
Venetian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'hand'
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'ivory'	See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'between'
West Frisian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'king'
Wu		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'five'
Xhosa		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'hadada ibis'
Xiang		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'to boil'
Yi		Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration	Template:IPA	'I'
Yup'ik		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'animal'
Zapotec	TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'neck'	Word-final allophone of lenis Template:IPA

See also

• Index of phonetics articles
• Eng (letter)

References

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External links

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