Diauehi

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Diaokhi<ref>David Marshall Lang (1966). The Georgians, Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966. 244 pp. <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

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Diaokhi<ref>David Marshall Lang (1966). The Georgians, Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966. 244 pp. <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

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}} | subheader = {{#if: | {{{life_span}}} | {{#if:12th century BCTemplate:Cref2<ref>Nodar Assatiani, Საქართველოს ისტორია, Tbilissi, Sakartvelos Matsne, 2001 p.30</ref><ref>Suny, R.G. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies (1996)Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. (9780472096176) University of Michigan Press p.3 <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

"Proto - Georgians formed the tribal confederation of the Diauehi about the twelfth century B.C."{{#if:|

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Kartvelian languages<ref>Davitashvili, Zurab V.., Singh, Vijay P.., Bondyrev, Igor V.. The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives. Germany: Springer International Publishing, 2015. <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

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| GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | government_type | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | house1 | house2 | image_coat | image_flag | image_flag2 | image_map_alt | image_map_caption | image_map_size | image_map | image_map2_alt | image_map2_caption | image_map2_size | image_map2 | image_map3 | regexp10 = image_[ps][%d]+ | image_symbol | iso3166code | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | regexp11 = leader_name[%d]+ | regexp12 = leader_title[%d]+ | regexp13 = leader[%d]+ | legislature | life_span | linking_name | location_map | loctext | lower_house | map_caption | map_caption2 | map_caption3 | map_width | map2_width | map3_width | membership_type | membership | micronation | module | motto | name | 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territorial_anthem | state_anthem | sovereignty_note | sovereignty_type | regexp18 = stat_area[%d]+ | regexp19 = stat_pop[%d]+ | regexp20 = stat_year[%d]+ | status_text | status | symbol| symbol_type_article | symbol_type | symbol_width | text_symbol_type | text_symbol | time_zone_DST | time_zone | title_deputy | title_leader | title_representative | today | type_house1 | type_house2 | upper_house | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset | regexp21 = year_deputy[%d]+ | year_end | year_exile_end | year_exile_start | regexp22 = year_leader[%d]+ | regexp23 = year_representative[%d]+ | year_start}}Template:Main other{{#if:|{{#ifeq:|Colony|Template:Main other|{{#ifeq:|Exile|Template:Main other}}}} }} Template:History of ArmeniaTemplate:History of Georgia (country)Diauehi (Modern Template:Lang-ka Template:Translit, Urartian Diauehi, Greek Template:Lang Taochoi, Armenian Template:Lang Tayk, possibly Assyrian Daiaeni) was a tribal union located in northeastern Anatolia, that was recorded in Assyrian and Urartian sources during the Iron Age.<ref name="auto" /> It is usually (though not always) identified with the earlier Daiaeni (Dayaeni),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> attested in the Yonjalu inscription of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I's third year (1118 BC) and in later records by Shalmaneser III (845 BC). While it is unknown what language(s) they spoke,<ref name="archive.org">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp they may have been speakers of a Kartvelian,<ref>Template:Multiref</ref><ref name="auto">A. G. Sagona. Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, p. 30.</ref> Armenian,<ref>Hrach Martirosyan (2014). "Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language". Leiden University: 9. Retrieved 9 October 2019. p. 8.</ref><ref>A.V. Dumikyan (2016). "Taik in The Assyrian and Biainian Cuneiform Inscriptions, Ancient Greek and Early Medieval Armenian Sources (the Interpretations of the 19th Century French Armenologists)" Fundamental Armenology No. 2 4.</ref><ref>Armen Petrosyan (September 1, 2010). The Armenian Elements In The Language And Onomastics Of Urartu. Association For Near Eastern And Caucasian Studies. p. 137.</ref> Iranian,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> or Hurrian language.<ref name="Чорох2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

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Location

Although the exact geographic extent of Diauehi is still unclear, many scholars place it in the Pasinler Plain in today's northeastern Turkey, while others locate it in the Armenian–Georgian marchlands as it follows the Kura River. Most probably, the core of the Diauehi lands may have extended from the headwaters of the Euphrates into the river valleys of Çoruh<ref>Levan Gordeziani. "Traces of a Treaty in an Urartian Text?" Dec. 2018</ref> to Oltu. The Urartian sources speak of Diauehi's three key cities—Zua, Utu and Sasilu; Zua is frequently identified with Zivin Kale and Utu is probably modern Oltu, while Sasilu is sometimes linked to the early medieval Georgian toponym Sasire, near Tortomi (present-day Tortum, Turkey).<ref>G. L. Kavtaradze. An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources, p. 80f.</ref> The Diaeuhian city Šešetina may have corresponded to Şavşat, Turkey (Shavsheti in Georgian).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

Late Bronze Age

The region of Diauehi seems to have roughly corresponded to,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="academia.edu">Levan Gordzeiani. "Some Remarks on Qulḫa." Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday. eds. Pavel S. Avetisyan, Roberto Dan and Yervand H. Grekyan. Archaeopress Archaeology. 2019. pp. 242-243. [1]</ref> or bordered,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the previous Hayasa-Azzi territory.

Iron Age

In the early 8th century, Diauehi became the target of the newly emerged regional power of Urartu. Menua (810–785 BC) conquered part of Diaeuhi, annexing its most important cities: Zua, Utu, and Shashilu, and forcing the king of Diauehi, Utupursi(ni), to pay a tribute of gold and silver.

Urartu period

Menua's son Argishti I (785–763 BC), campaigned against the Diauehi kingdom in 783.<ref name="Trevor Bryce 2009. p. 193">Trevor Bryce. The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. 2009. p. 193.</ref> Argishti I defeated King Utupursi, annexing his possessions․ In exchange for his life, Utupursi was forced to pay a tribute including a variety of metals and livestock.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Toward the end of his reign, Argishti I led yet another campaign against Utuspursi, who led a rebellion against the Urartians.<ref name="Trevor Bryce 2009. p. 193"/>

Possible ethno-linguistic identification

Diauehi is considered by some as a locus of Proto-Kartvelian; it has been described as an "important tribal formation of possible proto-Georgians" by Ronald Grigor Suny (1994).<ref name="Suny19942">Template:Cite book</ref>

According to Robert H. Hewsen, they may have been speakers of a language unrelated to any other in the Caucasus region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

However, they are mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as Xaoi, which Hewsen etymologizes as a Greek form of the Armenian endonym, Hayk'.<ref>Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 30.</ref>

Massimo Forlanini proposed a connection between the name of the Diaeuhi tribe, Baltu, and the Hayasan deity, Baltaik. He also compared these to the name of the Hayasan mercenary, Waltahi.<ref>Massimo Forlanini. The Ancient Land of “Northern” Kummaḫa and Aripša: “Inside the Sea”. Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü. p. 5. https://www.academia.edu/44937753/The_Ancient_Land_of_Northern_Kummaha_and_Aripsa_inside_the_Sea_</ref>

Connection to Daiaeni (Dayaeni)

Some scholars have linked the Diaeuhi to the Bronze Age Daiaeni (Dayaeni) tribe,<ref name="academia.edu"/> mentioned in 12th century BC Assyrian sources as being part of the Nairi confederation.<ref>The Armenians — Page 27 by Elizabeth Redgate, A. E. (Anne Elizabeth) Redgate Grayson, IL, 1976 (pp. 12-13)</ref><ref name="oi.uchicago.edu">James Henry Breasted, ed. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. University of Chicago Press. p. 81. 1926. https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria1.pdf</ref> This connection is mainly due to the phonetic similarities of the names Daiaeni and Diaeuhi.

The Daiaeni were powerful enough to counter the Assyrian forays, although in 1112 BC their king, Sien, was defeated by Tiglath-Pileser I. Sien was captured and later released on terms of vassalage.

Daiaeni appeared again in Assyrian texts nearly three centuries later when King Asia of Daiaeni (850–825 BC) was forced to submit to the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in 845 BC, after the latter had overrun Urartu and made a foray into Daiaeni.

As the Daiaeni of Assyrian records seem to have been located further south than the Diaeuhi of Urartian records, Robert H. Hewsen and Nicholas Adontz proposed that the Diaieni originally inhabited a region between Palu and either Mush Province or Lake Van.<ref name="archive.org" />Template:Rp They then moved north to Kars Province, where they battled the Urartians and later encountered Greek mercenaries, including Xenophon. They subsequently moved further northwest.<ref name="archive.org"/>Template:Rp

Archibald Sayce suggested that Daiaeni was named after an eponymous founder, Diaus, and thus meant "people of the land/tribe of Diau(s)".<ref>A.H. Sayce. Cambridge Ancient History, vol. XX. (1925). pp. 169–186. [2]</ref>

Onomastics

Daiaeni rulers

  • Diau(s) (possible founder/patriarch suggested by Archibald Sayce)
  • Sien
  • Asia

Diauehi rulers

Diauehi tribes

  • Ardaraki
  • Baltu
  • Kabili
  • Šaški

Diauehi districts

  • Kada
  • Ašqalaši

Diauehi cities

  • Šašilu
  • Utuha
  • Zua
  • Ḫaldiriluḫi

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Explanatory notes

Template:Cnote2 Begin Template:Cnote2 Template:Cnote2 End

Further reading

Template:Historical states of Georgia Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia Template:Ancient Georgians Template:Georgia (country) topics

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