Don Norman

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox scientist Donald Arthur Norman (born December 25, 1935)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is an American researcher, professor, and author. Norman is the director of The Design Lab at University of California, San Diego.<ref name="Robbins, Gary" /> He is best known for his books on design, especially The Design of Everyday Things. He is widely regarded for his expertise in the fields of design, usability engineering, and cognitive science,<ref name="Robbins, Gary">Template:Cite web</ref> and has shaped the development of the field of cognitive systems engineering.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He is a co-founder of the Nielsen Norman Group, along with Jakob Nielsen. He is also an IDEO fellow and a member of the Board of Trustees of IIT Institute of Design in Chicago. He also holds the title of Professor Emeritus of Cognitive Science at the University of California, San Diego. Norman is an active Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), where he spends two months a year teaching.Template:When

Much of Norman's work involves the advocacy of user-centered design.<ref name="Zachry">Template:Cite journal</ref> His books all have the underlying purpose of furthering the field of design, from doors to computers. Norman has taken a controversial stance in saying that the design research community has had little impact in the innovation of products, and that while academics can help in refining existing products, it is technologists that accomplish the breakthroughs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> To this end, Norman named his website with the initialism JND (just-noticeable difference) to signify his endeavors to make a difference.<ref name="jnd">Template:Cite web</ref>

Early academics

In 1957, Norman received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Norman received an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> He received a PhD in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name=":2" /> He was one of the earliest graduates from the Mathematical Psychology group at University of Pennsylvania and his advisor was Duncan Luce.<ref name=":2" />

After graduating, Norman took up a postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard University<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and within a year became a lecturer.

After four years with the Center, Norman took a position as an associate professor in the Psychology Department at University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Norman applied his training as an engineer and computer scientist, and as an experimental and mathematical psychologist, to the emerging discipline of cognitive science. Norman eventually became founding chair of the Department of Cognitive Science and chair of the Department of Psychology.

At UCSD, Norman was a founder of the Institute for Cognitive Science and one of the organizers of the Cognitive Science Society (along with Roger Schank, Allan Collins, and others), which held its first meeting at the UCSD campus in 1979.<ref name="cv">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Primary source inline

Together with psychologist Tim Shallice, Norman proposed a framework of attentional control of executive functioning.Template:When One of the components of the Norman-Shallice model is the supervisory attentional system.<ref name="1a">Template:Cite book</ref>

Cognitive engineering career

Norman made the transition from cognitive science to cognitive engineering by entering the field as a consultant and writer. His article "The truth about Unix: The user interface is horrid"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in Datamation (1981) catapulted him to a position of prominence in the computer world.Template:Citation needed Soon after, his career took off outside of academia, although he still remained active at UCSD until 1993. Norman continued his work to further human-centered design by serving on numerous university and government advisory boards such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). He currentlyTemplate:When serves on numerous committees and advisory boards like at Motorola, the Toyota National College of Technology, TED Conference, Panasonic, Encyclopædia Britannica and many more.

Norman was also part of a select team flown in to investigate the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1993, Norman left UCSD to join Apple Computer, initially as an Apple Fellow as a User Experience Architect (the first use of the phrase "User Experience" in a job title<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Citation needed), and then as the Vice President of the Advanced Technology Group. He later worked for Hewlett-Packard before joining with Jakob Nielsen to form the Nielsen Norman Group in 1998. He returned to academia as a professor of computer science at Northwestern University, where he was co-director of the Segal Design Institute until 2010. In 2014, he returned to UCSD to become director of the newly established The Design Lab housed at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Awards and honors

Norman has received many awards for his work. He received two honorary degrees, one "S. V. della laurea ad honorem" in Psychology from the University of Padua in 1995 and one doctorate in Industrial Design and Engineering from Delft University of Technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":2" /> In 2001, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and won the Rigo Award from SIGDOC, the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group (SIG) on the Design of Communication (DOC).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2006, he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science.<ref name=":1" /> In 2009, Norman was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Design Research Society. In 2011 Norman was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for the development of design principles based on human cognition that enhance the interaction between people and technology.Template:Citation needed

Nielsen Norman Group

Template:Main Norman, alongside colleague Jakob Nielsen, formed the Nielsen Norman Group (NN/g) in 1998.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The company's vision is to help designers and other companies move toward more human-centered products and internet interactions, and are pioneers in the field of user experience design.<ref name=":0" />

User-centered design

In 1986, Norman introduced the term "user-centered design" in the book User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-computer Interaction<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>, a book edited by him and by Stephen W. Draper. In the introduction of the book, the idea that designers should aim their efforts at the people who will use the system is introduced:

People are so adaptable that they are capable of shouldering the entire burden of accommodation to an artifact, but skillful designers make large parts of this burden vanish by adapting the artifact to the users.<ref name=":3" />

In his book The Design of Everyday Things, Norman uses the term "user-centered design" to describe design based on the needs of the user, leaving aside what he deems secondary considerations, such as aesthetics. User-centered design involves simplifying the structure of tasks, making things visible, getting the mapping right, exploiting the powers of constraint, designing for error, explaining affordances and the seven stages of action.Template:Citation needed The principles and characteristics outlined in the book are relatable to the field of product design, both in a physical and a digital context.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In his book The Things that Make Us Smart: Defending the Human Attribute in the Age of the Machine,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Better source needed Norman uses the term "cognitive artifacts" to describe "those artificial devices that maintain, display, or operate upon information in order to serve a representational function and that affect human cognitive performance".Template:Citation needed Similar to his The Design of Everyday Things book, Norman argues for the development of machines that fit our minds, rather than have our minds be conformed to the machine.

On the Revised Edition of The Design of Everyday Things, Norman backtracks on his previous claims about aesthetics and removed the term User-Centered Design altogether. In the preface of the book, he says :

The first edition of the book focused upon making products understandable and usable. The total experience of a product covers much more than its usability: aesthetics, pleasure, and fun play critically important roles. There was no discussion of pleasure, enjoyment and emotion, Emotion is so important that I wrote an entire book, Emotional Design, about the role it plays in design.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He instead currently uses the term human-centered design and defines it as: "an approach that puts human needs, capabilities, and behavior first, then designs to accommodate those needs, capabilities, and ways of behaving."Template:Citation needed

Don Norman Design Award

The Don Norman Design Award organization was instituted and the inaugural awards bearing his name were announced on September 13, 2024. The DNDA Summit will be held on November 14 and 15, 2024 in San Diego, California.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bibliography

He is on numerous educational, private, and public sector advisory boards, including the editorial board of Encyclopædia Britannica. Norman published several important books during his time at UCSD, one of which, User Centered System Design, obliquely referred to the university in the initials of its title. This is a list of select publications.

Psychology books

Usability books

Other publications

  • The Trouble with Unix: The User Interface is Horrid.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>The trouble with UNIX: The user interface is horrid</ref> Datamation, 27 (12) 1981, November, pp. 139–150. Reprinted in Pylyshyn, Z. W., & Bannon, L. J., eds. Perspectives on the Computer Revolution, 2nd revised edition, Hillsdale, NJ: Ablex, 1989.
  • Direct manipulation interfaces (1985) about direct manipulation interfaces in collaboration with E. L. Hutchins (first author) and J.D. Hollan
  • User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction (1986) (editor in collaboration with Stephen Draper)
  • Template:Cite AV media Combining his books, Design of Everyday Things, Turn Signals Are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles, Things That Make Us Smart, with various technical reports.

See also

References

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