Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate |templatestyles = Template:Infobox country/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-country vcard | aboveclass = adr | above = {{#if:Kingdom of Araucanía and PatagoniaTemplate:Native name
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Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
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| subheader = {{#if:1860–1862 | 1860–1862 | {{#if:November 17/20, 1860|November 17/20, 1860{{#if:January 5, 1862|–January 5, 1862 }} }} }}

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{{{englishmotto}}}

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Location of the claimed territory of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia, in Chile and Argentina

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and largest city
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Website
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The Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (Template:Langx; Template:Langx), sometimes referred to as Kingdom of New France (Template:Langx), was an unrecognized state<ref name="historia">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> declared by two ordinances on November 17, 1860 and November 20, 1860 from Antoine de Tounens, a French lawyer and adventurer, who claimed that the regions of Araucanía and eastern Patagonia did not depend on any other states.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="auto1">Template:Cite book</ref> Tounens had the support of the highest Mapuche lonko of Araucanía and Patagonia, Kilapan, and that of Toki Magnil Lonko Kalfukura, Lonko Leminao and others, who believed that they could help maintain independence from the Chilean and Argentine governments.

Arrested on January 5, 1862 by the Chilean authorities, Antoine de Tounens was imprisoned and declared insane on September 2, 1862 by the court of Santiago<ref name="books.google.com">Template:Cite book</ref> and expelled to France on October 28, 1862.<ref name="FxAAAAMAAJ 1862, page 11">Template:Cite book</ref> He later tried three times to return to Araucanía to reclaim his kingdom, but was each time captured and deported back to France by the Chilean State. After his 3rd and final attempt he died of the ill health conditions caused during his lengthy captivity in Chilean prison.

History

Template:See also

Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, Orélie-Antoine I, King of Araucanía and Patagonia.

In 1858, Antoine de Tounens, a former lawyer in Périgueux, France, who had read the book La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla, decided to go to Araucanía, inspired to become its king after reading the book. He landed at the port of Coquimbo in Chile and met some loncos (Mapuche tribal leaders) after arriving South to the Biobío. He promised them some guns and the help of France to maintain their independence from Chile. The Indians elected him Great Toqui, Supreme Chieftain of the Mapuches,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> possibly in the belief that their cause might be better served with a European acting on their behalf.Template:Citation needed

On November 17, 1860, and November 20, 1860, the self-proclaimed sovereign<ref name="auto"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> proclaimed via two decrees that the regions of Araucanía and eastern Patagonia did not need to depend on any other states and that the Kingdom of Araucanía is founded with himself as monarch under the name King Orélie-Antoine I. He declared Perquenco capital of his kingdom, created a flag, and had coins minted for the nation under the name of Nouvelle France.Template:Citation needed

He writes in his Memoirs in 1863 "I took the title of king, by an ordinance of November 17, 1860, which established the bases of the hereditary constitutional government founded by me [...] On November 17, I returned to Araucanía to be publicly recognized as king, which took place on December 25, 26, 27 and 30. Weren't we, the Araucanians, free to bestow power on me, and I to accept it?"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The supposed founding of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia led to the Occupation of Araucanía by Chilean forces. Chilean president José Joaquín Pérez authorized Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, commander of the Chilean troops, to arrest Antoine de Tounens on January 5, 1862. Tounens was then imprisoned and declared insane on September 2, 1862, by the court of Santiago<ref name="books.google.com"/> and expelled to France on October 28, 1862.<ref name="FxAAAAMAAJ 1862, page 11"/>

Attempts to return and fears of French intervention

In a 1870 meeting of Saavedra with Mapuche lonkos at Toltén, Mapuche chiefs revealed to Saavedra that Antoine de Tounens was once again at Araucanía.<ref name=Bengoa227-230>Bengoa 2000, pp. 227-230.</ref> Upon hearing that his presence in Araucanía had been revealed Orélie-Antoine de Tounens fled to Argentina, having however promised Quilapán to obtain arms.<ref name=Bengoa227-230/> There are some reports that a shipment of arms seized by Argentine authorities at Buenos Aires in 1871 had been ordered by Orélie-Antoine de Tounens.<ref name=Bengoa187>Bengoa 2000, p. 187.</ref> A French warship, d'Entrecasteaux, that anchored in 1870 at Corral, drew suspicions from Saavedra of some sort of French interference.<ref name=Bengoa227-230/> Accordingly there may have been substance to these fears as information was given to Abdón Cifuentes in 1870 that an intervention in favour of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia against Chile was discussed in Napoleon III's Conseil d'Êtat.<ref name=Cayuqueo>Cayuqueo 2020, p. 59</ref>

On August 28, 1873, the Criminal Court of Paris ruled that Antoine de Tounens, first "king of Araucanía and Patagonia", did not justify his claim to the status of sovereignty.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He died in poverty on September 17, 1878, in Tourtoirac, France, after years of fruitlessly struggling to regain his kingdom.<ref name=CollierSater/>Template:Verify source

After de Tounens (1873–present)

New coat of arms of the kingdom created in France and used by the Court in Exile since the 19th century. The Latin motto (expecta dum rediero) means: "wait until I return".

Historians Simon Collier and William F. Sater describe the Kingdom of Araucanía as a "curious and semi-comic episode".<ref name=CollierSater>Collier, Simon; Sater, William F.: A history of Chile, 1808–2002. Cambridge University Press, 2004, Template:ISBN, p.96.</ref> According to travel writer Bruce Chatwin, the later history of the "kingdom" belongs rather to "the obsessions of bourgeois France than to the politics of South America."<ref>Chatwin, Bruce: In Patagonia. Random House, 2012, Template:ISBN, p. 25.</ref> A French champagne salesman, Gustave Laviarde, impressed by the story, decided to assume the vacant throne as Aquiles I.<ref>Minnis, Natalie: Chile Insight. Langenscheidt Publishing, 2002, Template:ISBN, p. 41.</ref> He was appointed heir to the throne by Orélie-Antoine.<ref>Nicholas Shakespeare, The Men who would be King, 1983.</ref> The pretenders to the throne of Araucanía and Patagonia have been called monarchs and sovereigns of fantasy,<ref name="Fuligni">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "having only fanciful claims to a kingdom without legal existence and having no international recognition".<ref name="ICC">Template:Cite book</ref> Therefore the "throne of Araucanía" is sometimes the subject of disputes between "pretenders",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> some journalists wrote : "The memory of the French adventurer Orélie-Antoine, self-proclaimed king in 1860, and the defense of the rights of the Mapuches guide the action of this strange symbolic monarchy"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and "The intensification of the Mapuche conflict in recent years has given a new purpose to the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia, long considered an absurdity by French society."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mapuche writer Pedro Cayuqueo considers the kingdom a lost opportunity and speculates that, in a French-ruled Araucanía, the Mapuche would have rights similar to that of the Kanak people, who were given the possibility of independence from France in a 2018 referendum.<ref name=Cayuqueo55>Cayuqueo 2020, p. 55</ref><ref name=Cayuqueo60>Cayuqueo 2020, p. 60</ref>

Pretenders to the throne after Antoine de Tounens

Antoine de Tounens had died without issue, and his family members did not wish to accede to the throne. The Constitution of the Kingdom 1860 provides only for hereditary succession, however immediately prior to the death of the founding Monarch, aware of his frail state of health, he wrote a last will and testament designating the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, Gustave Achilles Laviarde as his heir and successor, who succeeded to the Crown on the death of the King. Since his death in 1878, there have been 8 consecutive Sovereigns appointed by the Regency Council to the throne in exile in France. The current Prince of Araucania and Patagonia is Prince Antoine V. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sovereign

No. image title Given name

(birth- Death)

Reign Ref. Other information
1 Orélie-Antoine I Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
(1825–1878) 		1860-1862 Antoine de Tounens, founded the kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia by a Royal Ordinance of 17 November 1860 and was proclaimed king by the Mapuche Nation. He took the name of Orélie-Antoine I I and was appointed by Mapuche Toki Kilapan and Toki Magnil as Futha Apo Toki (High war chief of the nation). He appointed French and Mapuche ministers. These were Lonko’s Kalfukura (son of Huentecurá (meaning upper stone) - Minister of Justice; Kilapan-Minister (son of High Toki Magnil (1800-1860) of War; Montril - Minister of Foreign Affairs; Quilahueque - Home Secretary; Marihual - Minister for Agriculture.

Lonko’s Lemunao, Huenchuman, Huentecol, among others who comprised the first Privy Council and Ministers of State. He was detained, imprisoned and put on trial by the republic of Chile, and later deported to France. He made 3 further expeditions to Wallmapu (Mapuche ancestral territory) during his lifetime but was detained and deported on each occasion. He maintained his Kingdom in exile until his death in France in 1878.

List of pretenders to the Throne and Heads of the Royal House of Araucanía and Patagonia

Template:Abbr Image Title Given name
(Birth–Death) 		Reign Ref. Other information
1 Orélie-Antoine I Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
(1825–1878) 		1862–1878
2 Achille I Gustave-Achille Laviarde
(1841–1902) 		1878–1902 <ref name="Piccirilli">Piccirilli, R: "Diccionario histórico argentino", p. 260. Ediciones Historicas, 1953.</ref><ref name="Sociedad">Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografía, Archivo Nacional (Chile): "Revista chilena de historia y geografía", p. 277. Impr. Universitaria, 1931.</ref> Secretary of the preceding.

Titled Futha Apo Toki (High war Chief of the Mapuche people) Prince of Aucas and Duke of Kialeon by Antoine de Tounens in March 1882 as successor to King Antoine I.

3 Antoine II Antoine-Hippolyte Cros
(1833–1903) 		1902–1903 <ref name="Piccirilli" /><ref name="Braun Menéndez">Braun Menéndez, A: "Pequeña historia patagónica", p. 128. Emecé Editores, 1959.</ref> Titled Duke of Niacalel and appointed Keeper of the Seals of the Kingdom of Araucanía by Achille Laviarde
4 Laure Therese I Laure-Therese Cros
(1856–1916) 		1903–1916 Daughter of

Antoine II

5 Antoine III Jacques Antoine Bernard
(1888–1952) 		1916–1952 abdicated in favour of prince Philippe I
6 Prince Philippe Philippe Paul Alexandre Henri Boiry
(1927–2014) 		1952–2014 <ref name="Braun Menéndez" />
- Regent Philippe de Lavalette Philippe de Lavalette 2014-2014 Regent of the kingdom until the election of the successor by the Council of Regency.
7 Antoine IV Jean-Michel Parasiliti di Para
(1942–2017) 		2014–2017
- Regent Sheila Rani Sheila Rani 2017-2018 Regent of the kingdom until the election of the successor by the Council of Regency.
8 Frédéric I Frédéric Rodriguez-Luz
(1964–) 		2018–2025
9. Antoine V Laurent Lafayne 12 May 2025 to the Present

[1]

Television

  • 1990: Le Roi de Patagonie, TV mini-series directed by Georges Campana and Stéphane Kurc
  • 1991: Le Jeu du roi, TV film directed by Marc Evans
  • 2017: Rey is based on this incident.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Novel

  • Jean Raspail, Moi, Antoine de Tounens, roi de Patagonie (I, Antoine of Tounens, King of Patagonia) (1981)

Video games

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • In the Hearts of Iron IV expansion pack "Trial of Allegiance", a player may play as Chile and, via according focus tree, restore the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Sister project

Template:Mapuche Template:American monarchies

Template:Authority control

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