List of military occupations
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists This article presents a list of military occupations, both historic and contemporary, but only those that have taken place since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907.<ref name="Hague IV">Template:Cite web</ref>
As currently understood in international law, "military occupation" is the effective military control by a power of a territory outside of said power's recognized sovereign territory.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The occupying power in question may be an individual state or a supranational organization, such as the United Nations.
Ongoing occupations
| Territory | Since | Occupied state/territory | Occupying state | Occupier's declared state/territory | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transnistria | 1992 | Template:Flag | Template:Country | Template:Flag | Occupied by an armed group under the influence of a foreign powerTemplate:Efn | |
| Abkhazia | 2008 | Template:Flag | Template:Flag | Occupied by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power<ref name=DuvalKassoti/>Template:Efn | ||
| South Ossetia | Template:Flag | |||||
| Crimea<ref name ="Bursens">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name ="Geiß">Template:Cite journal</ref> | 2014 | Template:FlagTemplate:Efn | Template:Flagicon Federal subjects of Russia | Occupied and annexed by a foreign power<ref name=DuvalKassoti/> | ||
| Significant parts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia OblastsTemplate:PbNegligible parts of Kharkiv and Mykolaiv Oblasts | 2014Template:Efn 2022Template:Efn |
Template:Flagicon Federal subjects of RussiaTemplate:Efn
|
Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia Oblasts:
Kharkiv Oblast:
Mykolaiv Oblast:
| |||
| Parts of Southern Lebanon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 2024 | Template:Country | Template:Flag | Template:N/a | Occupied by a foreign power | |
| East Jerusalem<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 1967 | Palestinian territories; Template:Flag Template:SmallTemplate:Efn |
Template:Flagicon Part of the Jerusalem District Template:Small | Occupied and annexed by a foreign power<ref name=DuvalKassoti>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=EPDGannex>Template:Harvnb: "An occupied territory may also be illegally annexed [...] Annexation means that the territory is incorporated into another state and is being regarded by that state as a part of its territory. Among contemporary examples, one finds the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem, Western Sahara and Crimea. Under current international law, annexation can only be carried out after a peace treaty, and preferably after a referendum. Annexations which do not correspond to this requirement – like those just mentioned – are illegal."</ref>Template:Efn | ||
| West Bank<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Flagicon Judea and Samaria Area | Occupied by a foreign power,<ref name="EPDGocc">Template:Harvnb: "Territory over which a foreign power has taken control is occupied. [...] An occupation is supposed to be a temporary status, but current reality shows that territory may be occupied for decades; the West Bank and Gaza have been occupied for 48 years."</ref>Template:Efn with de facto partial annexation in the West Bank<ref name=DuvalKassoti/> | ||||
| Gaza StripTemplate:Efn | Template:N/a | |||||
Golan Heights<ref name=occupiedSyrian>
|
Template:Country | Template:Flagicon Part of the Northern District Template:Small | Occupied and annexed by a foreign power.<ref name=DuvalKassoti/><ref name=EPDGannex/>Template:Efn Recognized by only the United States as part of Israel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |||
| Parts of Southern Syria<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 2024 | Template:N/a | Occupied by a foreign power | |||
| Al-Tanf<ref name=eastsyr>Template:Cite news</ref> | 2015 | Template:Country | Template:N/a | Occupied by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power<ref name=eastsyr/>Template:Efn | ||
| Azaz, al-Bab and Jarabulus Districts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 2016 | Template:Country | Template:Flagicon image Syrian Interim Government | Occupied by an armed group under the influence of a foreign powerTemplate:Efn | ||
| Afrin District | 2018 | Occupied by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power<ref name="afrin">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn | ||||
| Tell Abyad and Ras al-Ayn Districts | 2019 | Occupied by an armed group under the influence of a foreign powerTemplate:Efn | ||||
| Northern Cyprus<ref>UN Security Council resolutions 353, 357, 358, 359, 360, and 365.</ref> | 1974 | Template:Flag | Template:Flag | Occupied by an armed group under the influence of a foreign power<ref name=DuvalKassoti/><ref name=EPDGarmed>Template:Harvnb: "Territory may further be controlled by an armed group. This could be a rebel group which wants to take over control of the government of the state in question or it could be a group that wants to secede from the state and form a new state or have the territory transferred to another state. [...] There is no term in international law for such territory. [...] In some cases, the armed group in power in such a territory may be under the control of or under the influence of a foreign power. As has been held by the European Court of Human Rights, Turkey is legally responsible for human rights violations committed in the non-recognised 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' (TRNC). It is possible that the situation is similar in the self-proclaimed peoples' republics in Donetsk and Lugansk."</ref>Template:Efn | ||
| Sofulu, Barxudarlı and Karki<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 1992 | Template:Flag | Template:Flag | Template:Flagicon Part of the Tavush and Ararat Provinces | Occupied by a foreign power | |
| Artsvashen<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Flag | Template:Nowrap | Template:Flagicon Part of the Gadabay Rayon | |||
| Portions of Syunik, Vayots Dzor, and Gegharkunik Provinces | 2021Template:Efn 2022Template:Efn |
Template:Flagicon Armenian territory occupied by Azerbaijan | ||||
| Majority of Western Sahara<ref name="RULAC">Template:Cite web</ref> | 1975 | Template:Flag Template:Small | Template:Flag | Template:Nowrap Template:Small |
Occupied and annexed by a foreign power<ref name=DuvalKassoti/><ref name=EPDGannex/>Template:Efn |
Historical occupations
Events before the Hague Convention of 1907 are out of scope.
1907–1919 (miscellaneous)
| Occupied territory | Years | Occupied state | Occupying state | Event | Part of war(s) | Subsequently annexed? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Korea | Template:Sort | Template:Country | Template:Country | Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 | Aftermath of Russo-Japanese War | Yes |
| Cuba | 1906–1909 | Template:Country | Template:Country | Second occupation of Cuba | Banana Wars | No |
| Libya | Template:Sort | Template:Country | Template:Country | Invasion of Libya | Italo-Turkish War | Yes |
| Albania | Template:Sort<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Country | Template:Country | Occupation of Albania | Balkan Wars | No |
| Nicaragua | Template:Sort | Template:Country | Template:Country | Occupation of Nicaragua | Banana Wars | |
| Veracruz | Template:Sort | Template:Country | Occupation of Veracruz | Mexican Revolution |
World War I and immediate aftermath
1920–1946 (miscellaneous)
| Occupied territory | Years | Occupied state | Occupying state | Event | Part of war(s) | Subsequently annexed? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transcaucasia | 1920 | Template:Flagdeco Azerbaijan | Template:Country | Invasion of Azerbaijan | Russian Civil War | Yes |
| 1921 | Template:Country | Invasion of Georgia | ||||
| Ruhr | 1923–1924 | Template:Country | Template:Plainlist | Occupation of the Ruhr | Aftermath of World War I | No |
| Manchuria / Manchukuo | 1931–1945 | Template:Country | Template:Country | Invasion of Manchuria | Second Sino-Japanese War | |
| Xinjiang | 1934 | Template:Country | Invasion of Xinjiang | Kumul Rebellion |
World War II: build up and immediate aftermath
1947–1959
1960–1979
1980–1999
2000–2019
2020–present
| Occupied territory | Years | Occupied state | Occupying state | Event | Part of war(s) | Subsequently annexed? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Unbulleted list | 2022–2024 | Template:Country | Template:Country | Russian invasion of Ukraine | Russo-Ukrainian War | NoTemplate:Efn |
| Parts of Bryansk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast and Kursk Oblast | 2023–2025 (uncontinuous) | Template:Country | Template:Country | 2023 Bryansk Oblast raid, 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions, March 2024 western Russia incursion, Kursk campaign | Russo-Ukrainian War | No |
See also
- Russian-occupied territories
- Israeli-occupied territories
- Military occupations by the Soviet Union
- Peacekeeping – military deployments for peace-keeping purposes
- List of military and civilian missions of the European Union
- Annexation
- Revanchism
- For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition
- For a list of cases where territory is disputed between countries, see List of territorial disputes