List of religions and spiritual traditions

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Religious symbols in clock-wise form from top: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baháʼí Faith, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Slavic neopaganism, Celtic polytheism, Heathenism (Germanic paganism), Semitic neopaganism, Wicca, Kemetism (Egyptian paganism), Hellenism (Greek paganism), Italo-Roman neopaganism.

While the word religion is difficult to define and understand, one standard model of religion that is used in religious studies courses defines it as

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[a] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.<ref>(Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)</ref>{{#if:|

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Many religions have their own narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, or ultimate concerns.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.<ref>Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.</ref> One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,<ref>Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89</ref> and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

Eastern religions

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Template:Div col Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia encompassing a diverse range of eastern and spiritual traditions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

East Asian religions

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World religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism and Confucianism and religions and traditions descended from them.

Chinese philosophy schools

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Confucianism

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Taoism

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Syncretic Taoism

Indian religions

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The four world religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent, also known as Dharmic religions; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions descended from them.

Buddhism

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Dharmic philosophy schools

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Hinduism

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Syncretic Hinduism

Jainism

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Sikhism

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Yoga

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Abrahamic religions

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Christianity

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Syncretic

Other

Islam

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See alsoKhawarij{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Shia Islam{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

Sufism{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

Sunni Islam{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Syncretic

Other

Judaism

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Kabbalah{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Non-Rabbinic Judaism

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Other Abrahamic

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Iranian religions

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Manichaeism

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Yazdânism

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Zoroastrianism

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Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, and often lacking formal doctrine. Some adherents do not consider their ways "religion", preferring other cultural terms. Many indigenous religions incorporate forms of animism, totemism, and shamanism alongside nature, ancestor, and animal worship. Template:Div col

African

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Traditional African

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Diasporic African

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Altaic

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American

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Austroasiatic

Austronesian

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Caucasian

Dravidian

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Indo-European

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Koreanic and Japonic

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Melanesian and Aboriginal

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Negrito

Paleosiberian

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Sino-Tibetan

Tai and Miao

Uralic

Other

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New religious movements

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}Template:See also Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception. Non-cargo cults are generally excluded from this list, see list of cults for groups considered cults.Template:Sfn Template:Div col

Cargo cults

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Entheogenic religions

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Modern paganism

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Ethnic neopaganism

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Syncretic neopaganism

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Goddess religions {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

New Age Movement

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New ethnic religions

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Black

Black Hebrew Israelites{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Rastafari{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Native American

White

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New Thought

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Nonsectarian Theism

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Nontheism and Atheism

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Parody religions and fiction-based religions

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UFO religions

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Western esotericism

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World religion-derived new religions

Abrahamic-derived

Chinese salvationist religions

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Hindu reform movements

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Muist-derived

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Neo-Buddhism

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Perennial and interfaith

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Shinshukyo

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Sikh-derived

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Historical religions

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Prehistoric religion

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Bronze Age

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Classical antiquity

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Post-classical period

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Other categorisations

By demographics

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By area

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References

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Sources

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