Republic of the Rif

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Republic of the Rif
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Territory of Spanish Morocco under control of the Rif Republic.

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It was created in September 1921, when a coalition of Riffians and Jebala led by Abd el-Krim revolted in the Rif War against the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. The French would intervene on the side of Spain in the later stages of the conflict. A protracted struggle for independence killed many Rifians and Spanish–French soldiers, and witnessed the use of chemical weapons by the Spanish army—their first widespread deployment since the end of the World War I. The eventual Spanish–French victory was owed to the technological and manpower advantages despite their lack of morale and coherence. Following the war's end, the Republic was ultimately dissolved in 1926.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

Background

Template:See also The French and Spanish empires both colonized Morocco, and in 1912 the Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco established Spanish and French protectorates there.

France's general approach to governing the protectorate of Morocco was a policy of indirect rule, where they co-opted existing governance systems to control the protectorate.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> Specifically, the Moroccan elite and the sultans of Morocco were both left in control while being strongly influenced by the French government.<ref name=":6" />

French and Spanish colonialism in Morocco was discriminatory against the native Rifians and Sahrawis and was highly detrimental to the Moroccan economy. Moroccans were treated as second-class citizens and discriminated against in all aspects of colonial life.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref>

Infrastructure was discriminatory in colonial Morocco. The French colonial government built 36.5 kilometers of sewers in the new neighborhoods created to accommodate new French settlers, while only 4.3 kilometers of sewers were built in indigenous Moroccan communities.<ref name=":7" /> Additionally, land in Morocco was far more expensive for Moroccans than for French settlers. For example, while the average Moroccan had a plot of land 50 times smaller than their French settler counterparts, Moroccans were forced to pay 24% more per hectare.<ref name=":7" /> Moroccans were additionally prohibited from buying land from French settlers.<ref name=":7" />

Colonial Morocco's economy was designed to benefit French businesses at the detriment of Moroccan laborers. Morocco was forced to import all of its goods from France despite higher costs.<ref name=":7" /> Additionally, improvements to agriculture and irrigation systems in Morocco exclusively benefited colonial agriculturalists while leaving Moroccan farms at a technological disadvantage.<ref name=":7" /> It is estimated that French colonial policies resulted in 95% of Morocco's trade deficit by 1950.<ref name=":7" />

Rif War

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Following the allowance of its interests and recognition of its influence in northern Morocco through the 1904 Entente Cordiale, 1906 Algeciras Conference and 1907 Pact of Cartagena, Restoration-era Spain occupied Ras Kebdana, a town near the Moulouya River, in March 1908Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and launched the Melillan and Kert campaigns against the Riffian tribes between 1909 and 1912.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfnp In June 1911, Spanish troops occupied Larache and Ksar el-Kebir.Template:Sfn

The Moroccan independence president Abd el-Krim (1882–1963) organized an armed revolution, the Rif War, against the Spanish and French colonial control of Morocco. The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921 Spanish colonial troops were massacred at the Battle of Annual. Abd el-Krim founded an independent Republic, the Rif Republic, which operated until 1927 but had no formal international recognition.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

France and Spain did not recognize the Republic and collaborated to destroy it. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing Abd el-Krim to surrender in 1926. He was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Morocco became quiet, and in 1936 became the base from which Francisco Franco launched the fascist coup of July 1936.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1921, local Rifians, under the leadership of Abd el-Krim, crushed a Spanish offensive led by General Manuel Fernández Silvestre at the Battle of Annual, and soon after declared the creation of an independent republic on 18 September 1921.<ref>David S. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion (Stanford University Press, 1968), p. 96</ref> The republic was formally constituted in 1923, with Abd el-Krim as head of state, and Ben Hajj Hatmi as prime minister.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Abd el-Krim handed the Spanish numerous defeats, driving them back to coastal outposts. With the war ongoing, he sent diplomatic representatives to London and Paris, in an ultimately futile attempt to establish legitimate diplomatic relations with other European powers.Template:Citation needed

In late 1925, the French and Spanish created a joint task force of 500,000 men, supported by tanks and aircraft.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> After 1923, the Spanish employed the use of chemical weapons imported from Germany.<ref>Rudibert Kunz: "Con ayuda del más dañino de todos los gases" – Der Gaskrieg gegen die Rif-Kabylen in Spanisch-Marokko in Irmtrud Wojak/Susanne Meinl (eds.): Völkermord und Kriegsverbrechen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt/Main 2004, pp. 153–191 (here: 169–185).</ref> The Republic was dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces on 27 May 1926, but many Rif guerrillas continued to fight until 1927.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Abd el-Krim, Fes 1926.jpg
Abd-el-Krim boarding a Fez-Tangier train in 1926 on his way to exile in the Indian Ocean island of Réunion

In April 1925, Abd el-Krim proclaimed the independent Republic in the Rif region of Spanish Morocco.Template:Sfn He advanced south into French Morocco, defeating French forces and threatening the capital, Fes.Template:Sfn The resident-general, Hubert Lyautey, was replaced as military commander by Philippe Pétain on 3 September 1925.Template:Sfn On 11 October 1925, Théodore Steeg replaced Lyautey as resident-general with the mandate of restoring peace and making the transition from military to civilian government.Template:Sfn Lyautey received very little recognition for his achievement in securing Morocco as a colony.Template:Sfn Steeg would have been willing to give autonomy to the people of the Rif, but was overruled by the army.Template:Sfn

Abd el-Krim surrendered to Philippe Pétain on 26 May 1926 and was deported to Réunion in the Indian Ocean, where he was held until 1947.Template:Sfn Théodore Steeg said Abd el-Krim was a great leader and national and folk hero, but Abd el-Krim wanted "neither [to be] exalted nor humiliated, but in time forgotten."Template:Sfn

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