Rustamid dynasty

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Rustamid Imamate
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Approximate extent of Rustamid control in the 9th century

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The Rustamid dynasty (Template:Langx) was an Ibadi dynasty of Persian origin<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Islamic History - Laura Etheredge - p73</ref> which ruled a state that was centered in present-day Algeria.<ref>Britannica Encyclopedia, Retrieved on 18 December 2008.</ref><ref>"The Places where Men Pray Together", pg. 210.</ref><ref>Based on Britannica 2008: The state was governed by imams descended from ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān ibn Rustam, the austere Persian who founded the state in the 8th century.</ref> The dynasty governed as a Muslim theocracy for a century and a half from its capital Tahert (present day Tagdemt)<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> until the Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate defeated it. Rustamid authority extended over what is now central and western Algeria, parts of southern Tunisia, and the Jebel Nafusa and Fezzan regions in Libya as far as Zawila.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

Origins

The Rustamids were of Persian origin. They claimed descent from the Kings of Kings of the Sasanian Empire.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Background

The Ibadi movement reached North Africa by 719, when the missionary Salama ibn Sa'd was sent from the Ibadi jama'a of Basra to Kairouan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn By 740, their efforts had converted the major Berber tribes of Huwara around Tripoli, in the Nafusa Mountains and at Zenata in western Tripolitania.Template:Sfn In 757 (140 AH), a group of four Basra-educated missionaries including Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam proclaimed an Ibadi imamate in Tripolitania, starting an abortive state led by Abu al-Khattab Abdul-A'la ibn as-Samh which lasted until the Abbasid Caliphate dispatched Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i to suppress it in 761. Ifriqiya was conquered by the Abbasids from Kharijite control and Abu al-Khattab ibn as-Samh was killed.Template:Sfn On his death, the Tripolitanian Ibādiyya elected Abu al-Hatim al-Malzuzi as Imam; he was killed in 772 after launching a second unsuccessful revolt in 768.Template:Sfn

Rise

In 777, Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam, an Ifriqiyan-born convert to the Ibadi movement of Persian origin<ref>Britannica Encyclopedia, Retrieved on 18 December 2008.</ref> and one of the four founders of the imamate, was elected Imam; after this, the post remained in his family, a practice which the Ibadiyya justified by noting that he came from no tribe, and thus his election as imam would not favour the domination of one Ibadi tribe over the others.Template:Sfn

The new imamate was centered on the newly built capital of Tahert (or Tahart), near present-day Tiaret.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Several Ibadi tribes displaced from Tunisia and Tripolitania settled there and strong fortifications were built.Template:Sfn Al-Bakri mentions that after the establishment of Tahert, tribes within the area congregated around the vicinity of Tahert as the town was conceived of as a military base of the Imam and leader of the Ibadi tribes. The town was surrounded by a strong wall, it had a fortress, a commercial center, regular supply of water, gardens of fruit and vegetables and it was foremost a religious and economic center of the region. It eventually became a center along the caravan trade route to the Near East, this economic prosperity resulted in the later settlement of non-Ibadite Muslims and Christians.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Rustamids fought the Kairouan-based Aghlabids of Ifriqiya in 812, but otherwise reached a modus vivendi; this displeased Ibādī tribes on the Aghlabid border, who launched a few rebellions. The Rustamids established positive relations with the Midrarid dynasty of Sijilmasa and the Umayyads of Cordoba.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Decline

In 873, a succession crisis occurred as the third imam Abu Bakr, fearing the loss of his title to his older brother Mohammed Abu al-Yaqzan, attempted to assassinate him. However, his plot failed, leading to the population uprising against Abu Bakr, resulting in his overthrow and death in 874. Consequently, Mohammed Abu al-Yaqzan assumed the title.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

After Abd al-Wahhab, the Rustamids grew militarily weak; they were easily conquered by the Ismaili Fatimids in 909, upon which many Ibadis – including the last imam – fled to the Sedrata tribe of Ouargla, whence they would ultimately emigrate to Mzab.

Society and culture

The Rustamid dynasty, "developed a cosmopolitan reputation in which Christians, non-Kharijite Muslims, and adherents of different sects of Kharijites lived".<ref>John P. Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized, page 14</ref> On the intellectual field, the Rustamids had many scholars and learned men, such as Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam, Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman, Aflah ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, dan Abu al-Yaqzhan ibn Aflah, Mahdi an-Nafusi, ‘Abd Allah al-Lamthi, and Mahmud ibn Bakr. ‘Abd ar-Rahman had an exegesis of the Qur’an. ‘Abd al-Wahhab wrote his Masa'il Nafusah on Islamic jurisprudence. Aflah mastered Arabic literature, mathematics, and astronomy. Abu al-Yaqzhan wrote about 40 works. Because of their intellectual enthusiasm, the Rustamids vigorously transferred valuable works from the Mashriq to the Maghrib, especially to the library of al-Ma‘shumah (in Tahert) and that of Khizanah Nafusah (in Jabal Nafusah).<ref name=":1" />

Moreover, Tahert was famous as ‘Iraq al-Maghrib, al-‘Iraq ash-Shaghir, Balkh al-Maghrib, or Little Basra. Apart from these achievements, the Rustamids also had significant contribution to Islamization in the Maghrib and Bilad as-Sudan. For about two centuries (130–340 AH / 750–950 AD), the Kharijite people gained control of trade routes in the Maghrib and Bilad as-Sudan. Many Ibadite merchants made journeys along the vast area, such as Tahert, Wargla, Nafzawa, Jabal Nafusah, Tadmakkat, Gao, and Ghana. By this economic activity, the Ibadites took advantages of trading business and preaching Islam at the same time.<ref name=":1">Ahmad Choirul Rofiq, "Moderation and Civilization: A Historical Analysis on the Moderate Policy of the Rustamid Dynasty" in Template:Doi</ref>

The Rustamid dynasty's origin accounted for the large presence of Persians in Tahert in the 9th century.<ref name=":0" />

Rustamid imams

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See also

References

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Sources

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