Timeline of Philippine political history

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This article presents a timeline of Philippine political history focused on governmental transitions of the Philippine archipelago, major polities, invasion attempts, and insurgency movements from the pre-Hispanic period to the present.<ref group=nb>This article may be incomplete; lacking, in particular, information regarding the MNLF, MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups which should possibly be included. See e.g., the Civil conflict in the Philippines article.</ref> The information presented here is highly summarized, and more complete information can be found in more detailed articles linked below.

Major Polities and governmental transitions
Date rangeTemplate:Efn Before 900 –
April 27, 1565 		April 27, 1565 –
December 10, 1898 		August 24, 1896 –
May 10, 1897 		March 22, 1897 –
November 1, 1897 		November 1, 1897 –
December 14, 1897 		May 24, 1898 –
June 23, 1898 		June 23, 1898 –
January 23, 1899 		January 23, 1899 –
March 23, 1901 		August 14, 1898 –
July 1, 1902 		May 6, 1902 –
July 14, 1906 		July 4, 1901 –
November 15, 1935 		November 15, 1935 –
October 22, 1946 		October 14, 1943 –
August 17, 1945 		July 4, 1946 –
December 30, 1965 		December 30, 1965 –
February 25, 1986 		February 2, 1987 –
Sovereign
entity 		None Spain In transitionTemplate:Efn United States Disputed Republic of the Philippines
Governing body None Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flagdeco Spanish East Indies DisputedTemplate:Efn Template:Flagdeco Philippine Commission Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flag Template:Flag Republic of the Philippines
Polities Pre-Colonial Philippines Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flagdeco Spanish East Indies Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flagdeco Spanish East Indies
Template:Flagicon image Republika ng Katagalugan
aka
Haring-Bayang Katagalugan 		Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flagdeco Spanish East Indies
Template:Flagicon image Republica Filipina

aka
Republica de Filipina aka
Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan

Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flagdeco Spanish East Indies
Template:Flagicon image Republica de Filipinas 		Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flagdeco Spanish East IndiesTemplate:Efn
Template:Flagdeco U.S. Colonial GovernmentTemplate:Efn
Template:Flagicon image Gobierno Dictatorial de Filipinas 		Template:Flagdeco U.S. Colonial GovernmentTemplate:Efn Template:Flagicon image Gobierno Revolucionario de Filipinas Template:Flagdeco U.S. Colonial GovernmentTemplate:Efn
Template:Flag		 Template:Flagdeco U.S. Colonial GovernmentTemplate:Efn Template:Flagdeco Taft Commission

Template:Efn Template:Flagicon image Republika ng Katagalugan

aka

Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan

Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flagdeco US Insular Government Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flag Template:FlagTemplate:Efn and Template:FlagdecoTemplate:Flagdeco Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines Template:Flagdeco Third Republic of the Philippines Template:Flagdeco Fourth Republic of the Philippines Template:FlagdecoFifth Republic of the Philippines
Entries below this point reflect the viewpoint of the post-independence government of the Philippines regarding pre-independence history
Constitutional Document Colonial authority of The Crown Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees Official decrees of Aguinaldo Provisional Constitution Official decrees of Aguinaldo Malolos Constitution Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees United States Constitution 1935 Constitution 1943 Constitution 1935 Constitution 1973 Constitution 1987 Constitution
Capital Manila Morong San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite San Miguel, Bulacan Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan Malolos, Bulacan Morong Manila Manila
Form of Government Precolonial barangay Spanish Colony Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic Unrecognized provisional revolutionary constitutional republic Unrecognized provisional dictatorship Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic Unrecognized Unitary semi-presidential constitutional revolutionary republic Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic Military occupational transitional government Unincorporated territories of the United States Presidential commonwealth Single-party authoritarian Republic (recognized only by Axis) Unitary presidential Constitutional republic Unitary dominant-party pseudo-parliamentary republic under totalitarian civic-military rule Unitary presidential constitutional republic
Head of State Datu, Rajah, Sultan Supreme President/President of the Sovereign Nation President of the Philippines President of the Philippines Dictator President of the Philippines President of the Philippines Supreme President US President US President President of the Philippines President of the Philippines President of the Philippines President of the Philippines President of the Philippines
Head of Government Spanish Governor-General Prime Minister of the Philippines US Military Governor- General US Insular Governor- General Japanese Military Governor Prime Minister of the Philippines
Legislative Council of Elders Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) Consejo Supremo Revolutionary Congress Malolos Congress Philippine Legislature National Assembly Congress of the Philippines Batasang Pambansa Congress of the Philippines
Judiciary Datu as Presiding Officer
  • Council of Elders as Jurors
 Real Audiencia Camara Reina (Secret Judicial Chamber) Supreme Council of Grace and Justice Court Martial Supreme Court US Supreme Court Supreme Court of the Philippines
Military Datu as Military Commander
  • Qualified members of the Barangay as soldiers
 Spanish Imperial Army;
Guarda Civil 		Katipunan Philippine Revolutionary Army Philippine Republican Army Katipunan United States Army United States Army;
USA Philippine Division;
Philippine Constabulary;
Philippine Scouts 		Armed Forces of the Philippines;
USA Philippine Division;
Philippine Constabulary 		Armed Forces of the Philippines
Currency Piloncitos Peso Japanese government-issued Philippine peso Peso
Official Language(s) Spanish Tagalog Tagalog, Spanish Tagalog English, Tagalog English English, Spanish Japanese, Filipino, Spanish English, Filipino
State Religion None; Islam in sultanates Roman Catholicism Separation of church and state
Invasions and Insurgencies Template:Further

In 1529, Spain claimed dominion over the Philippine archipelago on the basis of Magellan's discovery, a valid mode of acquisition at the time.<ref name=bautista2009p12 /> Various local revolts erupted throughout Spanish rule.Template:Efn

Battles of La Naval de Manila, a series of five naval battles between Spanish and Dutch forces in 1646. Template:Further

The Ilustrados "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Mostly based outside the Philippines, they helped mold the flame of a united Filipino nationalism and identity in the islands. Almost all previous insurgencies were tribal, provincial and regional in nature.

  • The Katipunan secret revolutionary society, formed in 1892, became an insurgent government in August when armed conflict against Spain breaks out upon its discovery.<ref name=agoncillo1990p172 /> This begins what is generally called the Philippine Revolution.
  • January 1895 – Andrés Bonifacio assumes Supreme Presidency of the Katipunan.
  • August 1896 – Upon the Katipunan's discovery, the Katipunan Supreme Council was reorganised into a "cabinet" of an insurgent revolutionary government. Andrés Bonifacio is re-elected Kataastaasang Pangulo or Presidente Supremo, Supreme President of the Katipunan. The Katipunan and its successor insurgent movements regarded themselves as legitimate governments from this point onwards.<ref name=zaide1968pp238,285 /><ref name=ricarte1926p27 /> Bonifacio referred to the Katipunan-based insurgent government as the "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People" (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan) and to the insurgent "Philippine nation" as the "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Haring-Bayang Katagalugan), with "republic" and "sovereign nation" effectively being synonyms, and "Tagalog" used in place of "Filipino" but referred to the whole Philippines and its people.<ref name="guerrero2001">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="guerrero1996">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "richardson book">Template:Cite book</ref>
 March 22, 1897 – Emilio Aguinaldo is elected president of a government meant to replace the prior Katipunan insurgent government by attendees of the Tejeros Convention. He was sworn in the day after and fully assumed the office by April despite Bonifacio having annulled the convention proceedings.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp177-178 /> Established as an insurgent constitutional republic on November 2, 1897, with Aguinaldo as President. This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.

December 14, 1897 – Signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, suspending the insurgency. Aguinaldo and other insurgent leaders went into voluntary overseas exile. Armed activities temporarily officially halted by the Filipino revolutionary forces.

Central Executive Committee

April 1898 – General Francisco Makabulos forms the insurgent General Executive Committee of Northern Luzon, intended to be a provisional government "until a general government of the Republic in these islands shall again be established." This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.<ref name=constantino1975pp202-203 /><ref name=agoncillo1990pp185-186 />

May 1, 1898 – Hostilities between the U.S. and Spain commenced in the Philippines.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp189-190 />
  • 19 May – Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines.<ref name=agoncillo1990p192 />
  • 24 May – Aguinaldo announces in Cavite, "... I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ..."<ref name=titherington1900pp357-358 />
  • June 12, 1898 – Independence is proclaimed in Kawit by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines.<ref name=kalaw1927pp413-417 />
  • June 18 – Aguinaldo proclaims dictatorial government.<ref name=guevara1972pp7-12 /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
 June 23, 1899 – Aguinaldo issues proclamation replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary one.<ref name=guevara1972pp28-40 /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> January 22, 1899 – Promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. Replaces Aguinaldo's insurgent revolutionary government with the Malolos Republic, also known as the First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as president.<ref name=guevara1972p88-119 /> Although the republic never received foreign recognition, Filipinos consider Aguinaldo to be the first president based on this.<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref>

Gen. Miguel Malvar, successor of Aguinaldo continued the fight until he surrendered in 1902. Clashes with Moro rebels continued in the south.

  • In 1902, General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, revived Bonifacio's Republika ng Katagalugan (simplified to "Tagalog Republic" by Americans), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American occupation forces in the Philippines.<ref name=constantino1975pp261-266 />
  • The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers surrendered upon being promised amnesty. Instead they were arrested, and in the following year were executed as bandits.<ref name=constantino1975pp266-267 />
 Until 1913 scattered resistance to U.S. rule continued based on the First Republic's or the Katipunan's platforms.

From then until 1935 there was no organized mass resistance, but small pockets of defiance still persisted coming mostly from various religious sects, sakdalistas and die-hard republikanos.

Small segments of opposition continued from a new front, mainly from the legal nationalist and labor groups.

Following the end of World War II, there was resistance from the Hukbalahap and the short lived/progressive political party, Democratic Alliance (DA).

Hukbalahap
  • On March 29, 1942, peasant leaders determined to oppose the Japanese invasion met in a forest clearing at the junction of the provinces of Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija to organize a resistance movement against the Japanese invaders. The movement was designated Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón (People's Army Against Japan) or Hukbalahap.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp447-448 />
 Resistance from Hukbalahap continued.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp451-460 /> Hukbalahap later changed its name to "Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan" (People's Liberation Army) or simply "Huks".
  • On May 17, 1954, Luis Taruc, leader of the Hukbalahap/Huk movement, surrendered unconditionally and announced that he "unreservedly recognized the authority of president Magsaysay and the sovereignty of the republic of the Philippines."<ref name=agoncillo1990p458 />
 None, or See Notes
Sovereignty notes Philippines as one whole national entity was non-existent. Islands comparable to Greece composed of numerous sovereign and independent chiefdoms, several minor kingdoms and thalassocracies such as the Kedatuan of Madja-as, the rajahnates of Cebu and Butuan, Sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu who were all already engaged in trading with the Chinese, Japanese, Malaysians, Indonesians, the Arabs and the Indians.

Considered by Western nations as territorium nullius (an expression deriving from Roman Law meaning "empty land," or "land belonging to no one").<ref name=bautista2009p13 />

  • In 1521, explorer Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines and claimed the islands for Spain<ref name=noland1990p79 />
  • Miguel López de Legazpi forced the Treaty of Cebu on Rajah Tupas, which effectively gave Spain suzerainty over Cebu.<ref name=scott1992cebutreaty />
  • From Cebu, Legaspi expanded Spanish rule across the Philippines, taking possession of Manila for Spain in 1571.<ref name=zaide1994pp89-91 />
  • Referendum of 1599 legitimised Spain's sovereignty.<ref name=villarroel2009pp93-133 />
  • The British Occupation happened between 1762 and 1764 during the Seven Years' War. Only the colonial capital of Manila and the nearby principal port of Cavite were taken by the British.
  • August 14, 1898 – The day after the surrender of Manila to their forces, General Wesley Merritt established a military government over portions of the country under American control.<ref name=zaide1994p279 />
  • December 10, 1898 – Spain cedes the Philippines to the United States.<ref name="Yale" />
  • January 1/2, 1899 – Acting Spanish Governor-General Diego de los Ríos returns to Manila from Zamboanga.<ref name=peterson2007pp10-11 />
  • January 4 – U.S. General Elwell Otis issues proclamation announcing the United States as having obtained possession and control of all of the Philippines from the Spanish.<ref name=worcester1914p167 />
  • February 6, 1899 – Treaty of Paris is ratified by the U.S. Senate.<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
  • March 19 – Treaty of Paris is ratified by the Queen-Regent of Spain.<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
  • April 11 – Following exchange of treaty ratifications between the U.S. and Spain, the Philippines became an Unincorporated Territory of the United States.<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
  • On June 2, 1899, undeclared general hostilities between U.S. and Philippine forces having been ongoing since February 4, the Malolos Republic promulgated a Declaration of War against the United States,<ref name=kalaw1927pp199-200 /> thereby officially beginning the Philippine–American War.
  • Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Malolos Republic, was captured by U.S. Forces on March 23, 1901.
  • Aguinaldo signed a formal surrender document on April 19, 1901, acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire archipelago. The war was officially declared over by the United States government in July 1902.<ref name=worcester1914pp175-176 />
  • However, military resistance continued for several years and was labelled as mere banditry and brigandage (Spanish: bandolerismo) by the American authorities. One example was the resistance of Macario Sakay, who revived Bonifacio's Katipunan government as opposed to Aguinaldo's.
  • Following the American forces taking control of Jolo on May 18, 1899, and at Zamboanga in December 1899, Moros resisted the Americans as they had the Spanish in what is termed the Moro Rebellion.
 The Commonwealth of the Philippines, still under U.S. sovereignty, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The enabling legislation, the Tydings–McDuffie Act, provided for a ten-year period of transition to full independence.
Notes Template:Notelist

See also

Template:Politics of Philippines

Notes

<References group=nb />

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Bibliography

Template:Head offices of state and government of the Philippines

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