Udmurtia

Template:Infobox Russian federal subject Udmurtia,Template:Refn officially the Udmurt Republic,Template:Refn is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk.

It was established as the Udmurt (until 1931 — Votskaya) Autonomous Region on November 4, 1920.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Name

The name Udmurt comes from Template:Lang ('meadow people'), where the first part represents the Permic root Template:Lang or Template:Lang ('meadow, glade, turf, greenery'). This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> are referred to as Template:Transliteration ('meadow people'), alongside the traditional Russian name Template:Transliteration.<ref>A.G. Ivanov, "Udmurty – 'Lugovye lyudi'", Linguistica Uralica Vol. 27, No. 3 (1991), pp. 188–92.</ref>

The second part Template:Lang means 'person' (cf. Komi Template:Transliteration, Mari Template:Transliteration). It is probably an early borrowing from a Scythian language: Template:Lang or Template:Lang ('person, man'; Sanskrit: Manus or Manushya), which is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term Template:Lang ('man, mortal, one who is bound to die'. cf. Old Indic Template:Transliteration ('young warrior') and Template:Transliteration ('chariot warrior'), both connected specifically with horses and chariots.<ref>Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.</ref> The Indo-Europeanists T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov associate this word with horse-riding Altaic tribes in the Bronze Age.<ref>R. Matasović (2009): Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, p. 257.</ref><ref>T. Gamkrelidze & V. Ivanov (1995): Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, p. 472-473.</ref>

On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of river in particular.Template:Clarify Recently, the most relevant is the version of V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh. They suppose that ethnonym was borrowed either from Indo-Iranian Template:Lang 'outside, close, last, edge, limit, boundary' or Turkic-Altaic Template:Lang/Template:Lang 'oath (in fidelity), comrade, friend'.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Map of the Udmurt Republic.

On November 4, 1920, the Votyak Autonomous Oblast was formed.<ref name="1987USSR">Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987., p. 57</ref> On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934.<ref name="1987USSR" /> During World War II, many industrial factories were evacuated from the Ukrainian SSR and western borderlands to Udmurtia.

On October 11, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Udmurt ASSR adopted a law according to which the Udmurt ASSR acquired a new name — the Udmurt Republic.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Geography

The republic is located to the west of the Ural Mountains and borders Kirov, Perm, Bashkortostan, and Tatarstan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Udmurtia is a republic in the Russian Federation, located in Central Russia between the branches of the rivers Kama and its right tributary the Vyatka.

The city of Izhevsk is the administrative, industrial, and cultural center of Udmurtia. Geographically, it is located not far from Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Russian Federation. The city has a well-developed transport system (including air, land, and water).

Udmurtia borders Kirov Oblast to the west and north, Perm Oblast to the east, and the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan Republics to the south.

Climate

The republic has a moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. Annual precipitation averages 400–600 mm.Template:Citation needed

Average temperatures

Month	Average temperature
January	Template:Convert
July	Template:Convert

Demographics

Population: Template:Ru-census

Although as of 2007 the population was declining, the decline was stabilizing and was more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas (11.86 per 1,000) and 7,036 were in rural areas (14.88 per 1,000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas (13.49 per 1,000) and 7,361 were in rural areas (15.56 per 1,000). Natural decline of the population was measured at −0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant −0.07% for rural areas (the average for Russia was −0.33% in 2007).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Vital statistics

Source<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

	Average population (× 1,000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Total fertility rate
1970	1,421	23,286	13,265	10,021	16.4	9.3	7.1
1975	1,459	26,497	14,666	11,831	18.2	10.1	8.1
1980	1,508	27,601	16,862	10,739	18.3	11.2	7.1
1985	1,562	29,343	17,553	11,790	18.8	11.2	7.5
1990	1,614	24,345	15,816	8,529	15.1	9.8	5.3	2.04
1991	1,619	22,213	16,002	6,211	13.7	9.9	3.8	1.90
1992	1,623	20,074	18,063	2,011	12.4	11.1	1.2	1.73
1993	1,622	17,126	21,923	−4,797	10.6	13.5	−3.0	1.48
1994	1,619	16,874	24,183	−7,309	10.4	14.9	−4.5	1.45
1995	1,615	15,484	22,445	−6,961	9.6	13.9	−4.3	1.32
1996	1,610	14,877	20,641	−5,764	9.2	12.8	−3.6	1.26
1997	1,606	15,368	19,881	−4,513	9.6	12.4	−2.8	1.30
1998	1,603	16,130	19,080	−2,950	10.1	11.9	−1.8	1.36
1999	1,598	15,793	20,745	−4,952	9.9	13.0	−3.1	1.32
2000	1,592	16,256	21,852	−5,596	10.2	13.7	−3.5	1.36
2001	1,583	16,636	22,810	−6,174	10.5	14.4	−3.9	1.38
2002	1,572	17,746	24,520	−6,774	11.3	15.6	−4.3	1.46
2003	1,561	17,982	24,571	−6,589	11.5	15.7	−4.2	1.47
2004	1,552	18,238	23,994	−5,756	11.7	15.5	−3.7	1.47
2005	1,543	17,190	24,006	−6,816	11.1	15.6	−4.4	1.38
2006	1,535	17,480	22,011	−4,531	11.4	14.3	−3.0	1.40
2007	1,529	19,667	21,727	−2,060	12.9	14.2	−1.3	1.57
2008	1,525	20,421	21,436	−1,015	13.4	14.1	−0.7	1.65
2009	1,523	21,109	20,227	882	13.9	13.3	0.6	1.71
2010	1,522	21,684	21,100	584	14.3	13.9	0.4	1.78
2011	1,519	21,905	20,358	1,547	14.4	13.4	1.0	1.83
2012	1,518	23,225	19,526	3,699	15.3	12.9	2.4	1.98
2013	1,517	22,138	19,332	2,806	14.6	12.7	1.9	1.92
2014	1,517	22,060	19,461	2,599	14.5	12.8	1.7	1.96
2015	1,517	22,195	19,533	2,662	14.6	12.9	1.7	2.01
2016	1,517	21,024	19,090	1,934	13.8	12.6	1.2	1.96
2017	1,515	17,954	18,130	−176	11.9	12.0	-0.1	1.72

TFR source<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ethnic groups

According to the 2021 Census,<ref name="census2021">Template:Cite web</ref> Russians make up 67.7% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts make up only 24.1%. Other groups include Tatars (5.5%), Mari (0.5%), Ukrainians (0.3%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population.

Ethnic group	1926 Census<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		1970 Census<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		1979 Census<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		1989 Census<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		2002 Census<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		2010 Census<ref name="2010Census" />		2021 Census<ref name="census2021" />
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Udmurts	395,607	52.3%	484,168	34.2%	479,702	32.1%	496,522	30.9%	460,584	29.3%	410,584	28.0%	299,874	24.1%
Besermyan	9,200	1.2%							2,998	0.2%	2,111	0.1%	1,903	0.2%
Russians	327,493	43.3%	809,563	57.1%	870,270	58.3%	945,216	58.9%	944,108	60.1%	912,539	62.2%	841,581	67.7%
Tatars	17,135	2.3%	87,150	6.1%	99,139	6.6%	110,490	6.9%	109,218	7.0%	98,831	6.7%	67,964	5.5%
Others	6,781	0.9%	36,794	2.6%	43,061	2.9%	53,435	3.3%	53,408	3.4%	42,558	2.9%	31,540	2.5%
1 210,052 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Over two-thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Religious groups

According to a 2012 survey,<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 33.1% of the population of Udmurtia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Eastern Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Eastern Orthodox churches, 4% are Muslims, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to Udmurt Vos (Udmurt native faith), 1% adheres to forms of Protestantism, and 1% of the population are Old Believers. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious," 19% is atheist, and 3.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" />

The local Russian Orthodox Church is the Metropolitanate of Udmurtia, comprising the Eparchy of Izhevsk (founded 1927) under Bishop and Metropolitan Viktorin (Kostenkov) (2015), the Eparchy of Glazov (founded 1889) under Bishop Viktor (Sergeyev), and the Eparchy of Sarapul (founded 1868) under Bishop Anthony (Prostikhin) (2015).

Jews

Template:Further Udmurt Jews are a special territorial group of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars, Kryashens, Bashkirs, Chuvash people), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts, Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s.<ref name="ReferenceB">Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи: элита инженерная, торговая, медицинская..." Свое дело. 2001. №11. С. 18. Template:In lang</ref><ref name="lechaim.ru">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="migdal.org.ua">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Ренев Е.,"Шалом. Народ Торы в старом Ижевске. Template:Webarchive Инвожо. 2012. № 8. С. 47. Template:In lang</ref> The Udmurt Jewry had formed the local variety on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930s and 1940s);<ref name="snioo.ru">Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. no. 4 (66), p. 131. (Алтынцев А.В., "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131: Комментарии.) Template:In lang</ref> as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt variety of Yiddish (Udmurtish) was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup (with centers Izhevsk, Sarapul, and Votkinsk) and the southern subgroup (with centers Kambarka, Alnashi, Agryz, and Naberezhnye Chelny).<ref name="snioo.ru" /> One of the characteristic features of the Udmurtish is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words.<ref>Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Template:Webarchive Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51.</ref><ref name="files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru">Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." Template:Webarchive Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. Template:In lang</ref>

Culture

Template:Further Udmurt folklore is understood both in a broad sense (Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration - folk knowledge, folk wisdom), and in a narrower one (Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration - folk poetry, oral poetry). In everyday life, folklore is not divided into genres, it is perceived in unity with material culture, with religious, legal, and ethical aspects. Popular terms-definitions have incorporated the ritual action (Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration), symbolically figurative and magically forming words (Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration), musical and choreographic behavior (Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sources

• Template:Cite Russian law
• "СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик. 1987." (USSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987) / Составители В. А. Дударев, Н. А. Евсеева. — М.: Изд-во «Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР», 1987. — 673 с.

Further reading

• Kalder, Daniel. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist. Scribner Book Company. Template:ISBN.
• Template:Cite journal

External links

• Template:In lang Official website of the Udmurt Republic Template:Webarchive