United Baltic Duchy

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United Baltic Duchy
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Proposed territories for the United Baltic Duchy

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The United Baltic Duchy,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn, was a short-lived client state of the German Empire during World War I, proclaimed by leaders of the local Baltic German nobility but never fully realized.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The attempt to establish the state on the territory of what is now Latvia and Estonia was made in 1918, during the German occupation of the former Courland, Livonia and Estonia governorates of the Russian Empire, which had ceased to exist after the Bolshevik coup in 1917. The unsuccessful proclamation of a pro-German duchy was first made in April 1918, after the Republic of Estonia had already formally declared full independence.

The proposed ideas for the new state included the creation of a Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, and of a Duchy of Estonia and Livonia, which would be in personal union with the Kingdom of Prussia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some historians have claimed that the state received formal recognition from the German Empire;Template:Citation needed however, Germany was defeated, the Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated, the Empire capitulated, and the World War ended just a few weeks later, in November 1918, making the planned German Baltic client state irrelevant as well.

Background

During World War I, the Imperial German Army had occupied the Courland Governorate of the Russian Empire by the autumn of 1915. The front then stabilised along the Riga–Daugavpils–Baranovichi Line.

After the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the Russian Provisional Government granted limited autonomy to the Governorate of Estonia and on Template:OldStyleDate amalgamated the Governorate of Estonia with the northern (ethnic Estonian) portion of the Governorate of Livonia. After the October Revolution later that year, the elected Estonian Provincial Assembly declared itself the sovereign power in Estonia on 28 November 1917. On 24 February 1918, a day before the arrival of German troops, the Estonian Salvation Committee of the Provincial Assembly issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence. The Western Allies recognised the Republic of Estonia de facto in May 1918.<ref name="WO">Template:Cite book</ref>

The term 'Grand Duchy of Livonia' refers to the Livonia region, which made up most of the proposed United Baltic Duchy.

The Latvian Provisional National Council was constituted on the basis of the law of self-government, which the Russian Provisional Government granted to Latvia on 5 July 1917.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Latvian Provisional National Council first met on 16 November 1917 in Valka. On 30 November, the Council declared an autonomous Latvian province within ethnographic boundaries.<ref name="WO"/>

In early 1918, German troops started advancing from Courland, and by the end of February 1918, the German military administered the territories of Estonia that had declared independence and the Russian Governorate of Livonia. In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, Soviet Russia accepted the loss of the Courland Governorate and, in agreements concluded in Berlin on 27 August 1918, the loss of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia and the Governorate of Livonia.<ref name="WO"/>

Attempt at creation

File:Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg (1910).png
Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, proposed head of state of the United Baltic Duchy, never assumed the office<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (photo 1910)

As a parallel political movement under the German military administration, Baltic Germans began forming provincial councils between September 1917 and March 1918.

On 8 March 1918, the local Baltic German-dominated Template:Lang declared the restoration of Duchy of Courland (Template:Lang), which was formally recognised by German Emperor Wilhelm II on 15 March 1918.

On 12 April 1918, a newly created "(United) Assembly of Baltic Lands" (Template:Lang), composed of 35 Baltic Germans, 13 Estonians, and 11 Latvians, passed a resolution calling upon the German Emperor to recognise the Baltic provinces as a monarchy, and to make them a German protectorate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Assembly decided to beg the King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany Template:Lang to accept the throne of the "Grand Duchy of Livonia".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Baltic duchy was nominally recognised as a sovereign stateTemplate:Citation needed by Wilhelm II only on 22 September 1918,Template:Citation needed half a year after Soviet Russia had formally relinquished all authority over former Russian Imperial Baltic governorates to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. On 5 November 1918, a temporary Regency Council (Template:Lang) for the planned state, led by Baron Adolf Pilar von Pilchau, was formed on a joint basis from both local Land Councils.

The new state was to have its capital in Riga and was to be a confederation of seven cantons: Template:Lang (Courland), Riga, Template:Lang (Latgale), Template:Lang (South Livonia), Template:Lang (North Livonia), Template:Lang (Saaremaa) and Template:Lang (Estonia), the first four cantons correspondings to today's Latvia and the last three corresponding to today's Estonia.

The first head of state of the United Baltic Duchy was to be Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, not as a sovereign monarch, but as a subordinate to the German Template:Lang, similar to other princes or kings of the German Empire. However, Adolf Friedrich never assumed office. The appointed Regency Council, consisting of four Baltic Germans, three Estonians and three Latvians, functioned until 28 November 1918 without any international recognition (except from GermanyTemplate:Citation needed).

In October 1918, the Chancellor of Germany, Prince Maximilian of Baden, proposed to have the military administration in the Baltic replaced by civilian authority. The new policy was stated in a telegram from the German Foreign Office to the military administration of the Baltic: "The government of the Reich is unanimous in respect of the fundamental change in our policy towards the Baltic countries, namely that in the first instance policy is to be made with the Baltic peoples".<ref name="WO"/>

On 18 November 1918, Latvia proclaimed its independence. August Winnig, the last representative of the German government, signed an agreement with representatives of the Estonian Provisional Government on handing over power in Estonian territory on 19 November.<ref>World War I Estonica. Encyclopaedia about Estonia</ref> In Latvia, the German military authorities formally handed over power to the Latvian national government, headed by Kārlis Ulmanis on 7 December 1918.<ref name="WO"/>

The Baltic nations of Estonia and Latvia were established as republics.

See also

Notes

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References

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