1565

March 1: Rio de Janeiro is founded.

Template:C16 year in topic Year 1565 (MDLXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 3 – In the Tsardom of Russia, Ivan the Terrible originates the oprichnina (repression of the boyars (aristocrats)).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• January 23 – Battle of Talikota: The Vijayanagara Empire, the last Hindu kingdom in South India, is greatly weakened by the Deccan sultanates.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• February 13 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippines.
• March 1 – The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is founded as São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro by Estácio de Sá.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 16 – Spanish Conquistador López de Legazpi makes a blood compact (sandugan) with Datu Sikatuna in the island of Bohol, Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

April–June

• April 27 – Cebu City is established as San Miguel by López de Legazpi, becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
• May 2 – Huntingdon Grammar School is established in England.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• May 18 – Ottoman troops land on the island of Malta, beginning the Great Siege of Malta.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 4 – The Treaty of Cebu is signed between Miguel López de Legazpi, representing Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This effectively creates Spanish suzerainty over Cebu.
• June 17 – (19th day of 5th month, Eiroku 8); In Japan, Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the Ashikaga shogun, commits ritual suicide after Matsunaga Hisahide invades Kyoto.<ref>Joyce Ackroyd, Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron (University of Queensland Press, 1982) p.332</ref>

July–September

• July 29 – The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots, marries her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, in a Catholic ceremony.<ref>Jenny Wormald, Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost (Tauris Parke, 2001), p. 153.</ref>
• August 6 – Sark, in the Channel Islands, is granted as a fief by Elizabeth I of England to Hellier de Carteret, Seigneur of Saint Ouen.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• August 26 – The Chaseabout Raid begins in Scotland as a rebellion against Mary, Queen of Scots by her half-brother, by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, following her July 29 marriage to Lord Darnley.
• August 28 (feast day of St. Augustine) – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés first sights land in Florida.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 31 – Chaseabout Raid: Moray and at least 1,000 of his rebels arrive in Edinburgh for a confrontation with the Scottish crown. After cannon fire from Edinburgh Castle, the rebels retreat toward England to seek help. The rebellion is ended by the end of September.
• September 4 – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands in Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.
• September 8 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after Augustine of Hippo), is established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, becoming the oldest surviving European settlement in the modern-day United States, and a mass of Thanksgiving is said.
• September 11 – The Knights of Malta lift the Great Siege of Malta after four months.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

October–December

• October 11 – Ottavio Gentile Oderico is elected to a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa.<ref>Sergio Buonadonna, Rosso doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797</ref>
• October 18 – Battle of Fukuda Bay: Ships belonging to the Matsura clan of Japan fail to capture a Portuguese trading carrack, in the first recorded naval battle between Japan and a European nation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 20 – In the Northern Seven Years' War, the Battle of Axtorna is fought in Sweden, near Falkenberg, as Daniel Rantzau of the Army of Denmark and Norway leads 7,400 troops in defeating a counterattack by over 11,000 Swedish troops led by Jacob Henriksson Hästesko.<ref>Svenska Slagfält: "Axtorna 1565: En fråga om kavalleritaktik" (2003) pp. 69-76</ref>
• October – The first Martello tower, the Tour de Mortella, designed by Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of the Genovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in Upper Corsica.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• November 25 – The army of Burma, under the command of King Bayinnaung conquers Chiang Mai, capital of the Siamese Kingdom of Lan Na, and departs on November 30.<ref>Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: pp.285–286</ref>
• December 31 – The Burmese Army conquers Vientiane, the main city of the kingdom of Lan Xang (now Laos).
• December – The Mariovo and Prilep rebellion occurs, the very first recorded rebellion by the Macedonian hajduks or voivode against the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Date unknown

• The pencil is first documented by Conrad Gesner;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> it is becoming common in England.
• John Beddoes School is founded at Presteigne, Wales.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Herlufsholm School is founded at Næstved, Denmark.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Bungay Grammar School is established in England.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Births

Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

• January 17 – Mariana Navarro de Guevarra Romero, Spanish Roman Catholic nun, member of the Mercedarian Tertiaries (d. 1624)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• February 13 – Willem Baudartius, Dutch theologian (d. 1640)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 23 – Eilhard Lubinus, German theologian (d. 1621)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• April 2 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)
• April 3 – Anna III, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1601)
• May 15 – Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch sculptor and architect born in Utrecht (d. 1621)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 2 – Francisco Ribalta, Spanish painter (d. 1628)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 14 – Francis Tanfield, English governor of the South Falkland colony<ref>Template:Cite DCB</ref>
• July 6 – Hugh Hamersley, Lord Mayor of London, 1627–1628 (d. 1636)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 5 – Paola Massarenghi, Italian composer (d. unknown)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 9 – Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1627)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• August 16 – Christina, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d. 1637)
• August 20 – Margaretha van Valckenburch, Dutch shipowner, only female member of the VOC (d. 1650)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• August 29 – Agostino Ciampelli, Italian painter (d. 1630)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 17 – Edward Fortunatus, German nobleman (d. 1600)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• September 28 – Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet and writer (d. 1635)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 6 – Marie de Gournay, French writer (d. 1645)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 12 – Ippolito Galantini, Italian founder of the Congregation of Christian Doctrine of Florence (d. 1619)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 22 – Benedikt Carpzov the elder, German legal scholar (d. 1624)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• November 10
  • Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English nobleman and politician (d. 1601)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d. 1646)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• November 14 – Petrus Bertius, Flemish theologian and scientist (d. 1629)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 2 – Toby Caulfeild, 1st Baron Caulfeild, Northern Irish politician (d. 1627)<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>
• date unknown
  • Reza Abbasi, Persian painter and calligrapher (d. 1635)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• • Gregor Aichinger, German composer (d. 1628)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • John Davies of Hereford, Welsh poet (d. 1618)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Camillo Graffico, Italian engraver (d. 1615)<ref name="Witcombe2004">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • George Kirbye, English composer (d. 1634)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Francis Meres, English churchman and author (d. 1647)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • María Pita, Spanish heroine (d. 1643)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews (d. 1639)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Edmund Whitelocke, English soldier and courtier (d. 1608)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• probable
  • Duarte Lobo, Portuguese composer (d. 1646)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Deaths

Diego Laynez

Pope Pius IV

• January 19 – Diego Laynez, Spanish Jesuit theologian (b. 1512)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• January 28 – Francisco Cesi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1500)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• February 28 – John, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and Count of Glatz (b. 1509)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• March 17 – Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian (b. 1500)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• c. March – Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist (b. c. 1510)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• April 2 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (b. 1526)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• April 27 – Osanna of Cattaro, Dominican visionary and anchoress (b. 1493)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 14 – Nicolaus von Amsdorf, German Protestant reformer (b. 1483)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• May 5 – Queen Munjeong, Korean queen (b. 1501)
• May 28 – Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (b. 1515)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 12 – Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (b. 1512)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 17 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (b. 1536)<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Unreliable source?</ref>Template:Unreliable source?
• June 19 – Wolfgang Lazius, Austrian historian (b. 1514)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 23 – Turgut Reis, Ottoman naval commander (b. 1485)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 18 – Kat Ashley, governess of Elizabeth I of England
• August – Jacques Buus, Flemish composer and organist (b. 1500)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• August 29 – Alfonso Carafa, Italian cardinal (b. 1540)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• June 25 – Herluf Trolle, Danish Admiral of the Fleet and co-founder of Herlufsholm School (b. 1516)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 13 – William Farel, French evangelist (b. 1489)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• September 11–20 – Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (b. 1515)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 4 – Pier Paolo Vergerio, Italian reformer (b. 1498)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 5 – Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (b. 1522)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• October 7 – Johannes Mathesius, German theologian (b. 1504)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 12 – Jean Ribault, French explorer and colonizer (b. 1520)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 14 – Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (b. 1521)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 21 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (b. 1538)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 22 – Jean, Vicomte d'Aguisy Grolier de Servieres, French bibliophile (b. 1479)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• October 29 – Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (b. 1530)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• November 2 – Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (b. 1532)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• November 25 – Hu Zongxian, Chinese general (b. 1512)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 9 – Pope Pius IV (b. 1499)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• December 12 – Johan Rantzau, German general (b. 1492)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• December 13 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (b. 1516)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• date unknown
  • Antonio Bernieri, Italian painter of the Renaissance period (b. 1516) <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan, last khan of Kazan Khanate<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Paweł Tarło, canon of Kraków, Poland<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>