Comfort food

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Chicken soup, a common classic comfort food that is found across various cultures

Comfort food is food that provides the eater a nostalgic or sentimental value<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and may be characterized by its satisfying heartiness and association with childhood or home cooking.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The nostalgia may be specific to an individual or it may apply to a specific culture.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} ()</ref>

Definition and history

The term comfort food can be traced back at least to 1615, where in the beginning of the second part of Don Quixote, at the beginning of chapter one, Quixote's niece and her nurse (governess, housekeeper?, "ama") are told to pamper him, "to give him things to eat which are comforting and appropriate for the heart and the brain... ." Others trace it back to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called 'comfort food'—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother's poached egg or famous chicken soup."<ref name="theatlantic">Template:Cite magazine</ref> According to research by April White at JSTOR, it might have been Liza Minnelli who used the term for the first time in its modern meaning in an interview, admitting to craving a hamburger.<ref name="jstor">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

When the term first appeared, newspapers used it in quotation marks. In the 1970s, the most popular comfort food in the United States were various potato dishes and chicken soup, but even at the time, the definition varied from person to person. During the next decades, the nature of comfort food changed in the US, shifting from savory dishes to sweet ones, while comfort food themed cookbooks started to spread and restaurants started to offer items labelled as such, when originally the term was used for food items consumed "home alone". Worldwide diet trends, emerging in the 1990s, like the low fat or the low-carb diet were unable to end the cravings for comfort food. Also in the 1990s the emergence of mass-produced food emerged which reshaped the idea of comfort food. The ability to produce and preserve food, such as canned goods, meant that comfort food became more available to those needed an extra reminder of home. For example those who were far away or under difficult conditions particularly war. According to White, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world in 2020 further strengthened people's need for comfort food that evokes nostalgia and the feeling of belonging.<ref name="jstor" />

Psychological studies

Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as ice cream or french fries, may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporary sense of emotional elevation and relaxation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These feelings can also be induced by psychoactive ingredients found in other foods, such as coffee and chocolate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When psychological conditions are present, people often use comfort food to treat themselves. Those with negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or affect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Comfort foods provide emotional nutrition in the form of familiar tastes and a sense of security in stressful situations, but when taken in large quantities these foods become addictive and impair a person from engaging in new experiences or meeting challenges head-on. A reliance on comfort foods can stifle growth and transition, since the comfort foods are overused during times of transition and distress. The foods that people over-consume during stress periods leads to a state of emotional inertia where people may become resistant to necessary change or adaptation. This reliance on experience rather than interaction with present or upcoming situations eventually stifles the ability to thrive in fluid situations and inhibits the potential for personal growth.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

By region

A partial list by region of comfort foods around the world.

Afghanistan

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Comfort foods in Afghanistan are:

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  • Aushak – stuffed dumplings and sauce
  • Bolani – filled flatbread<ref name=Edmonton>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Borani Banjan or Borani-e-Banjan – baked eggplant with yogurt sauce
  • Borani Kadoo or Borani-e-Kado – sweet and savory braised pumpkin with yogurt sauce<ref name=MensJournal>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
  • Chainaki – lamb stew, traditionally served in a bowl lined with naan, and cooked in a clay vessel known as a chainak<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • Chalaw or Challow – steamed rice with spices
  • Kabuli palaw or Qabuli Pulao – steamed rice with raisins, carrots, and lamb<ref name=MensJournal />
  • Karahai – meat cooked in a traditional karahi pot
  • Kebab – grilled skewered meat<ref name=Edmonton />
  • Korma Gosht or Qorma-e-Gosht – braised meat<ref name=NYT-Mishan>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Mantu – meat-stuffed dumpling<ref name=Edmonton /><ref name=NYT-Mishan />
  • Naan – flatbread<ref name=MensJournal />
  • Sabzi Palu – spinach (sabzi) with spices
  • Sher Berinj – rice pudding<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:Div col end

Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

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A Pavlova garnished with fruit and cream

Comfort foods in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa may include: Template:Div col

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Austria

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Wiener Schnitzel

Austrian (and especially Viennese) comfort foods may include the following foods: Template:Div col

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Brazil

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Brigadeiro, a truffle-like confection

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Canada

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A plate of classic poutine at the Montreal restaurant La Banquise

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Egypt

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Plate of stewed beans
Ful medames served with hard-boiled eggs, a staple in Egypt
  • Basbousa – sweet unleavened cake
  • Falafel – fried bean ball<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Fatteh – meat soup on cooked rice with crisp flatbread with garlic sauce<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Ful medames – bean stew<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

  • Hawawshi – pita bread stuffed with flavored meat<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Kushari – casserole of rice, macaroni, and vegetables<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Om Ali – Pastry mixed with milk, nuts and sometimes coconut flakes topped with cream or butter and baked<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

France

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A madeleine. A madeleine de Proust is a French expression specifically referring to Marcel Proust's description of comfort food in In Search of Lost Time.

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Germany

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Flädlesuppe

German comfort foods may include the following foods: Template:Div col

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Greece

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  • Gemista – stuffed vegetables<ref name="LCT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Gyros – sliced rotisserie meat wrapped in flatbread<ref name="WTVR" />
  • Keftedakia – meatballs<ref name="LCT" />
  • Koulourakia – butter cookies<ref name="LCT" />
  • Moussaka – baked eggplant or potato dish<ref name="WTVR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Pastitsio – baked pasta dish with minced meat and béchamel sauce<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Div col end

Hong Kong

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Div col

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Cart noodle – an à la carte noodle dish traditionally sold using carts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Cha Chaan Teng – a Hong Kong style place to eat comfort food<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Dim Sum – small bite-sized portions of food served in small steamer baskets during yum cha<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Egg Tart<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Hotpot<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Put chai ko – a palm-sized pudding cake snack
  • Siu Mei (including char siu) – meats roasted on spits over an open fire or in a large rotisserie oven<ref name="timeouthk" />

Template:Div col end

Hungary

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File:Túrós és lekváros puliszka.jpg
Puliszka with curd cheese and smoked lard (left) and plum preserve (right)
  • Aranygaluska – dough balls rolled in a mixture of sugar and crushed nuts<ref name="dining">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nosalty">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Goulash soup<ref name="nosalty" />
  • Chicken soup<ref name="dining" /><ref name="nosalty" />
  • Lángos – yeast dough deep fried in oil with various toppings<ref name="ízes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Madártej – meringue floating on crème anglaise<ref name="dining" />
  • Chicken paprikash<ref name="dining" /><ref name="nosalty" />
  • Template:Ill – potato stew with paprika<ref name="ízes" />
  • Pörkölt – meat stew with paprika<ref name="nosalty" />
  • Puliszka – polenta with toppings<ref name="dining" />
  • Rántott hús – a type of Snitzel; but also fried chicken is called the same way<ref name="nosalty" />
  • Tejbegríz – Semolina pudding<ref name="dining" />
  • Tojásos nokedli – small, plump soft noodles with eggs<ref name="dining" />

India

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} India's cuisine is diverse. Some Indian comfort foods – regional and subcontinent-wide – are listed below. Template:Div col

  • Biryani – mutton, chicken, beef or lamb<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Chaat – savoury snacks<ref name="india11" />
  • Curd rice – rice mixed with yogurt<ref name="india11">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ndtv">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Curry
  • Cutlet – deep-fried fritter of meat or vegetables<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Puri – fried flatbread<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Masala Dosa – rice crepes, with or without a filling of potatoes and onion<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Khichdi – stew made with rice and legumes (lentils, mung beans)<ref name="india11" />
  • Pav bhaji – curry served with buttered buns
  • Radhaballavi – deep-fried flatbread with a filling
  • Rajma chawal – rice with beans<ref name="india11" />
  • Rasam and Curd rice – particularly in South India
  • Vada pav – potato dumpling inside a bread bun, especially in Maharashtra

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Indonesia

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File:Bubur ayam chicken porridge.JPG
Bubur ayam (chicken congee) is an Indonesian comfort food.

Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and either soupy or with a soft texture. Most of them are high in carbs or fat, such as congee, fried rice, and noodles which are high in carbs; while meatballs and grilled skewered meats contain fair amounts of fat and salt. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan (home cooking) or masakan ibu (mother's dishes). In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of bubur ayam is believed to help people to recover during convalescence.<ref name="detikFood">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sayur sop or sup ayam is Indonesian chicken soup that often sought during flu. The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common green bean served in chicken stock.<ref name="CNN-Indo-sup ayam">Template:Cite news</ref>

Some are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences. Indonesian comfort foods include: Template:Div col

  • Bakmi or mie ayam – noodles (mi) with pork (bak) or chicken (ayam)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Bakso – meatball soup<ref name="detikFood"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Nasi goreng – fried rice<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>
  • Nasi tim – steamed chicken rice<ref name="Femina">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Sayur sop or sup ayam – Indonesian chicken and vegetables soup<ref name="CNN-Indo-sup ayam"/>
  • Sate – skewered barbecue with peanut sauce<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>
  • Soto ayam – spicy chicken soup<ref name="detikFood"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col end

Ireland

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Irish comfort food can include: Template:Div col

  • Bangers and mash – sausages and mashed potatoes<ref name="irishcentral.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Coddle – meat and vegetable stew<ref name="dailyedge.ie">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Colcannon – mashed potatoes with cabbage<ref name="irishcentral.com"/>
  • Fish and chips<ref name="irishcentral.com"/>
  • Full Irish breakfast<ref name="irishcentral.com"/>
  • Irish stew<ref name="irishcentral.com"/><ref name="dailyedge.ie"/>
  • Shepherd's pie – casserole of minced meat topped with mashed potatoes<ref name="irishcentral.com"/><ref name="dailyedge.ie"/>
  • Soda bread<ref name="irishcentral.com"/>
  • Spice bag – chipped potatoes with spices<ref name="irishcentral.com"/>
  • 3-in-1 – egg-fried rice, chips, and curry sauce<ref name="dailyedge.ie"/>

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Italy

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File:Panna Cotta with cream and garnish.jpg
Panna cotta

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="saveur" />

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Japan

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In Japan, there is an expression called "Taste of Mom(おふくろの味)". Template:Div col

  • Curry Rice/Kare Raisu – Stewed vegetables - most commonly potato, onion, and carrot - in a mild curry sauce, sometimes with meat<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Miso soup – soybean-flavored clear soup<ref name=SoraNews24 />
  • Mochi – rice cake<ref name=JapanDeluxeTours />
  • Onigiri – rice ball<ref name=SoraNews24 /><ref name=JapanDeluxeTours />
  • Ramen – soup with thin noodles<ref name=JapanDeluxeTours /><ref name=Food&Wine>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Takoyaki – octopus balls<ref name=JapanDeluxeTours />
  • Tempura – battered, deep-fried pieces of meat or vegetables<ref name=SoraNews24 /><ref name=JapanDeluxeTours />
  • Udon – soup with thick noodles<ref name=SoraNews24 /><ref name=JapanDeluxeTours />

Template:Div col end

  • Tamago kake gohan - cooked rice topped with raw egg<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lithuania

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File:Bulvių plokštainis.jpg
Kugelis

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  • Balandėliai – cabbage rolls<ref name=Food52>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Honey cake
  • Kepta duona – fried garlic rye bread
  • Koldūnai – flour-based dumplings
  • Kugelis – potato casserole<ref name=IllinoisTimes>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Kūčiukai – Christmas Eve poppy seed biscuits<ref name=Delfi>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Mushroom cookies<ref name=LaMaistas>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Philippines

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File:Philippine pork adobo cooked in a kawali.jpg
Pork adobo

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  • Adobo – A salt and vinegar marinated meat stew, with a large amount of local and regional variations.<ref name=CultureTrip>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=ThrillList>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Arroz Caldo / Lugaw – A thick, savory rice porridge, often served as breakfast, on rainy days, or when sick.<ref name=BuzzFeed>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Philihappy>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Bulalo – A beef bone marrow soup.<ref name=Philihappy />
  • Champorado – Chocolate rice porridge, sometimes served savory (as with tuyô)<ref name=msn33 /><ref name=CNN>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Philihappy />

  • Dinuguan - A pork blood and offal stew.<ref name=CNN />
  • Halo-halo – A cold, crushed ice dessert dish of mixed sweets in fruits, with milk and topped with ice cream and leche flan.<ref name=CultureTrip /><ref name=AngPinaka />
  • Kare-kare – A stew of ox tripe and oxtail in a peanut sauce. It is regarded as a local variant of Indian curry.<ref name=ThrillList />
  • Lumpia – Fried or fresh spring rolls with vegetable or meat filling.<ref name=ThrillList />
  • Lomi – A hot noodle soup with distinctly thick egg noodles.<ref name=Philihappy />
  • Pancit – A class of noodles, almost always fried or stir-fried, and often served during birthday celebrations.<ref name=ThrillList /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Puto – Steamed rice cakes<ref name=CNN />
  • Sinampalukan - Sour, tamarind-based chicken soup<ref name="pp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="swr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Sinigang – A classification of sour soups with different configurations of meats, vegetables, and souring agents.<ref name=CultureTrip /><ref name=Philihappy /><ref name=AngPinaka />
  • Sopas - A creamy soup (usually made with chicken) with elbow macaroni.<ref name=Philihappy /><ref name="ms">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="foxy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Suman – Another type of glutinous rice cake<ref name=AngPinaka />
  • Tsokolate – Hot chocolate drink made with cacao, served with or without milk.<ref name=Philihappy />

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Poland

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File:Pierogi z cebulką.jpg
Steamed pierogi, with fried onions on top

Some Polish comfort food include:

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  • Soups and stews
    • Bigos – "hunters' stew"<ref name="CNNPOL" />
    • Barszcz z uszkami – a variant of borscht, a clear beetroot soup with forest mushrooms dumplings<ref name=wyborcza />
    • Gulasz – goulash / meat and vegetable stew<ref name="indiatimes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

    • Kapuśniak – sour cabbage soup (sauerkraut soup)
    • Rosół – chicken soup with fine noodles<ref name="applebaum">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="indiatimes" />
    • Zupa grzybowa – wild mushroom soup
    • Zupa ogórkowa – sour cucumber soup<ref name="applebaum" />
    • Zupa pomidorowa – clear tomato soup with rice or noodles<ref name="applebaum" />
    • Zupa szczawiowa – sorrel soup served with boiled egg<ref name="applebaum" />
    • Żurek – sour rye soup<ref name="CNNPOL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=wyborcza />

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Łazanki – large flat noodles with fried sauerkraut
  • Template:Lang – pasta with cream and strawberries<ref name="msnpl" />
  • Template:Lang – pancakes with milk curd<ref name=wyborcza />
  • Pierogi – filled dumplings<ref name=msn33 /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CNNPOL" />

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Div col end

Puerto Rico

File:Arroz-con-Pollo.jpg
Arroz con pollo: chicken with rice

Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include: Template:Div col

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken<ref name="Boriken" />
  • Bistec encebollado – steak and onions<ref name="El-Jibarito">Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Carne Guisada – stewed beef<ref name="MyDaughter" />
  • Carne mechada – Puerto Rican style meatloaf
  • Churrasco – grilled flank or skirt steak<ref name="El-Jibarito" />
  • Cuchifritos and Fritanga – assortments of fried appetizers (alcapurrias, bacalaitos, pastelitos/pastelillos, piononos, sorullos/sorullitos)<ref name="El-Jibarito" /><ref name="Boriken" /><ref name="MyDaughter" />
  • Habichuelas guisadas con calabaza – beans stewed with pumpkin<ref name="El-Jibarito" />
  • Lechón asado – roast pork<ref name="El-Jibarito" />
  • Mixta – white rice, stewed beans with pumpkin and stewed meat with potatoes and carrots
  • Mofongo and trifongo – fried mashed green plantains<ref name="El-Jibarito" /><ref name="PRinspiration">Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken<ref name="Boriken" />
  • Pasteles – Puerto Rican tamales<ref name="MyDaughter" />
  • Pastelón de plátano maduro – ripe banana casserole with ground beef and cheddar cheese<ref name="MyDaughter" />
  • Pinchos – Puerto Rican skewers<ref name="PRinspiration" />
  • Tostones – fried plantain slices<ref name="El-Jibarito" /><ref name="PRinspiration" />

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Romania

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Papanasi cu cirese.jpg
Papanași

Romanian comfort foods may include: Template:Div col

  • Brânzoaică – soft cake filled with sweet cheese<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Chocolate salami – dessert made from cocoa, broken biscuits and butter<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Cozonac – sweet yeast dough<ref name="Delicious Romanian Dishes"/>
  • Greta Garbo cake – sheets of dough, filled with fruit jam and glazed with chocolate<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Mititei – grilled ground meat rolls<ref name ="Romanian comfort food"/>
  • Papanași – traditional fried or boiled pastry<ref name ="Romanian comfort food">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Sarmale – stuffed cabbage leaves<ref name="Delicious Romanian Dishes"/>
  • Stuffed peppers – hollowed peppers filled with meat and rice<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col end

Russia

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Soljanka with olives.jpg
Solyanka

Russian comfort foods may include:

Template:Div col

  • Bliny – pancakes or crepes<ref name="yahoo-russian">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Borscht<ref name="yahoo-russian" />
  • Dressed herring – layered herring salad<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Golubtsy – cabbage rolls<ref name=msn33 /><ref name="yahoo-russian" />
  • Kasha – porridge<ref name="yahoo-russian" />
  • Kotlety – meatballs<ref name="yahoo-russian" />
  • Kholodets – savory gelatin
  • Kulebyaka - a fish pie
  • Kvass – fermented drink made with bread
  • Napoleon – layered cake with layers of pastry and cream
  • Okroshka – cold vegetable soup
  • Oladyi – small thick pancakes or fritters<ref name="russiabeyond" />
  • Olivier salad – mayo, sausage and vegetable salad<ref name="yahoo-russian" />
  • Pelmeni – meat-filled dumpling<ref name="yahoo-russian" />
  • Pirozhki – buns with various fillings<ref name="yahoo-russian" />
  • Rassolnik – soup with pickles
  • Shashlik – skewered and grilled cubes of meat
  • Shchi – predominantly cabbage soup
  • Solyanka – spicy and sour soup<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Ukha – fish-based clear soup
  • Vareniki – filled dumplings (see pierogi for Poland)
  • Vinegret – a salad made of diced vegetables, normally sour
  • Zakuski – an array of dishes to supplement main courses

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South Korea

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File:Seolleongtang2024.jpg
Seolleongtang

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  • Tteokbokki – rice cakes in spicy chili stew<ref name="ciee" />
  • Kimbap – cooked rice rolled in seaweed and stuffed with vegetables or meat<ref name="ciee" />
  • Samgyeopsal – roasted pork belly<ref name="sejong">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Mandu – dumplings with various fillings<ref name="sejong" />
  • Soups and stews

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    • Haejang-guk – vegetables and meat in beef broth<ref name="ciee" />
    • Sundubu-jjigae – soft tofu stew<ref name="ciee" />
    • Seolleongtang – ox bone soup<ref name="ciee" />
    • Budae-jjigae – "army stew" with noodles, Spam, vegetables and other ingredients<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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    • Kalguksu – soup with handmade noodles<ref name="sejong" />

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Spain

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File:Churros con Chocolate en San Sebastián.jpg
Chocolate con churros

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  • Castañas asadas – roasted chestnuts<ref name="eldia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Switzerland

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File:Fondue dish.jpg
Fondue is an emblematic Swiss comfort food.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Traditional Swiss cuisine is characterized by its simplicity and extensive use of dairy products like cheese, cream and butter. Fruits (often apple compote) are also used in many (main) dishes,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> notably Älplermagronen and Maluns. Template:Div col

  • Älplermagronen – pasta, potatoes, cream, cheese, and onions
  • Capuns – stuffed leaves
  • Cholera – filled pastry
  • Fondue – melted cheese sauce for dipping
  • Maluns – potato pieces slow-fried in butter
  • Pizzoccheri – buckwheat-and-wheat pasta with cheese
  • Raclette – melted cheese
  • Rösti – grated potato pancake with various accompaniments
  • Wähe – pastry shell with custard and various ingredients

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Taiwan

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File:Tan Tsai Noodle of Tu Hsiao Yueh.jpg
Dan zai noodles

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  • Dan zai noodles – noodles and prawn with broth<ref name=cnntw>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Turkey

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File:Mantı.jpg
Mantı, with yogurt and red pepper sauce

Some Turkish comfort foods are: Template:Div col

  • Mantı – spicy meat dumpling<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Kuru fasulye – bean and tomato stew<ref name=msn33 /><ref name="Hürriyet Daily News"/><ref name="dailys" />
  • Pilav – rice dish<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Mercimek Çorbası – a soup based on lentils<ref name="hürriyetd" />
  • Börek – baked filled pastries, a wide variety of regional variations of börek exists
  • Menemen - commonly eaten for breakfast<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Yaprak Sarma - stuffed grape leaves<ref name="Hürriyet Daily News"/>
  • Gözleme - a stuffed flatbread, commonly stuffed with spinach, minced meat and potato mash<ref name="Hürriyet Daily News"/>
  • Lahmacun<ref name="dailys">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Pide<ref name="dailys" />
  • Tarhana soup<ref name="hürriyetd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Ukraine

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  • Borscht — beetroots soup, also there are few variants:
  • Deruny — potato pancakes with sour cream
  • Holubtsi — small, medium or large rolls with prepared rice
  • Kasha — kind of porridge
  • Kolach — sweet, round shaped pastry
  • Mlynci — pancakes.
    • Nalysnyky — pancakes with fillings
  • Pampushky — small savory or sweet yeast-raised bun
  • Pyrizhky — baked or fried small donuts with different (mostly fruits or meat) fillings. (Not to be confused with Polish PiErogi or Russian PirogI)
  • Syrnyky — fried quark pancakes, garnished with sour cream
  • Varennia — jam
  • Varenyky — Filled dumplings cooked at boiling water
  • Vinegret — Beans and potato salad colored with beetroots

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United Kingdom

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File:Bangers and mash 1.jpg
Bangers and mash is a British comfort food.<ref name=most-popular>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

United Kingdom comfort foods include: Template:Div col

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United States

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File:Original Mac n Cheese .jpg
Macaroni and cheese is an American comfort food.<ref name=CNNTravel>Template:Cite news</ref>

American comfort foods may include the following foods:

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See also

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References

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Further reading

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