County of Nassau

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Template:Short description Template:About {{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate |templatestyles = Template:Infobox country/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-country vcard | aboveclass = adr | above = {{#if:County of Nassau
Princely County/Principality of Nassau
Counties/(later) Principalities of NassauTemplate:Native name
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    | {{#if:County of Nassau
Princely County/Principality of Nassau
Counties/(later) Principalities of Nassau

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County of Nassau
Princely County/Principality of Nassau
Counties/(later) Principalities of Nassau
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County of Nassau in 1547

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File:NassauBurg.jpg
Nassau Castle

The County of Nassau was a German state within the Holy Roman Empire from the period of the formal recognition of the countly title in 1159 (though "de facto" sovereignty began in 1125) until the declaration of the Duchy of Nassau in 1806 with the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Through succession, it had many counts ruling parts of it, mostly or completely independent of one another. After many of these counts were promoted to princely status, the County was promoted and thus was known as a Princely County or as the Principality of Nassau.

Origins

Nassau, originally a county, developed on the lower Lahn river in what is known today as Rhineland-Palatinate. The town of Nassau was founded in 915.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Dudo of Laurenburg held Nassau as a fiefdom as granted by the Bishopric of Worms. His son, Rupert, built the Nassau Castle there around 1125, declaring himself "Count of Nassau". This title was not officially acknowledged by the Bishop of Worms until 1159 under the rule of Rupert's son, Walram. By 1159, the County of Nassau effectively claimed rights of taxation, toll collection, and justice, at which point it can be considered to become a state.<ref name=":0" />

The Nassauers held the territory between the Taunus and the Westerwald at the lower and middle Lahn. By 1128, they acquired the bailiwick of the Bishopric of Worms, which had numerous rights in the area, and thus created a link between their heritage at the lower Lahn and their possessions near Siegen. In the middle of the 12th century, this relationship was strengthened by the acquisition of parts of the Hesse-Thüringen feudal kingdom, namely the Herborner Mark, the Kalenberger Zent and the Court of Heimau (Löhnberg). Closely linked to this was the "Lordship of Westerwald", also in Nassau's possession at the time. At the end of the 12th century, the House acquired the Reichshof Wiesbaden, an important base in the southwest.

In 1255, after the Counts of Nassau acquired the estates of Weilburg, the sons of Count Henry II divided Nassau for the first time. Walram II received the county of Nassau-Weilburg. From 1328 on, his younger brother, Otto I, held the estates north of the Lahn river, namely the County of Nassau-Siegen and Nassau-Dillenburg. The boundary line was essentially the Lahn, with Otto receiving the northern part of the county with the cities of Siegen, Dillenburg, Herborn and Haiger and Walram retaining the section south of the river, including the cities of Weilburg and Idstein.

County of Nassau-Weilburg

Walram's son Adolf became King of Germany in 1292. His son Count Gerlach abdicated in 1344 and the county was divided under his sons in 1355

  • County of Nassau-Weilburg, again divided from 1442 to 1574
  • County of Nassau-Wiesbaden, again divided from 1480 to 1509
    • County of Nassau-Idstein
    • County of Nassau-Wiesbaden

Template:Spacesfell back to Nassau-Weilburg in 1605

  • County of Nassau-Sonnenberg, partitioned among Nassau-Wiesbaden and Nassau-Weilburg in 1405

In 1605, all parts of Nassau-Weilburg were again unified under Count Louis II; however, after his death in 1627, his sons divided the county again

  • County of Nassau-Idstein, fell to Nassau-Ottweiler in 1721
  • County of Nassau-Saarbrücken (Younger), divided again in 1640
    • County of Nassau-Saarbrücken, fell to Nassau-Ottweiler in 1723
    • County of Nassau-Ottweiler, fell to Nassau-Usingen in 1728
    • County of Nassau-Usingen, Principality in 1688
  • County of Nassau-Weilburg (Younger)

After Nassau-Usingen had inherited Nassau-Ottweiler with former Nassau-Idstein and Nassau-Saarbrücken, it was reunified with Nassau-Weilburg and raised to the Duchy of Nassau in 1806.

County of Nassau-Dillenburg

After the death of Count Otto I, his county was divided between his sons in 1303:

  • County of Nassau-Dillenburg, fell to Nassau-Siegen in 1328
  • County of Nassau-Hadamar (Elder), fell to Nassau-Dillenburg in 1394
  • County of Nassau-Siegen, called Nassau-Dillenburg from 1328 on, again got divided from 1341 to 1561:
    • County of Nassau-Beilstein (Elder)
    • County of Nassau-Dillenburg (Elder)–1606)

In 1504, Henry III of Nassau-Dillenburg inherited the county's estates at Breda in the Duchy of Brabant, while his younger brother William became Count of Nassau-Dillenburg in 1516. After the son of Henry III, René of Châlon died in 1544, Count William's eldest son William the Silent became Prince of Orange and Lord of Breda, Stadtholder in the Low Countries from 1559 on. His younger brother, John VI, again reunited all Nassau-Dillenburg possessions in 1561, though the county was again divided after his death in 1606.

  • County of Nassau-Hadamar (Younger), Principality in 1650, fell to Nassau-Diez in 1743
  • County of Nassau-Siegen, (1607–23), again got divided from 1623 to 1734:
    • County of Nassau-Siegen (Protestant), Principality in 1664, became extinct in 1734
    • County of Nassau-Siegen (Catholic), Principality, fell to Nassau-Diez in 1743
  • County of Nassau-Dillenburg, fell to Nassau-Beilstein in 1620
  • County of Nassau-Beilstein (Younger), called Nassau-Dillenburg (Younger) from 1620 on, Principality in 1652, fell to Nassau-Dietz in 1739
  • County of Nassau-Dietz, fell to Joachim Murat's Grand Duchy of Berg after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806

The Counts of Nassau-Dietz, descendants of William Frederick were stadtholders of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe and Princes of Orange from 1702 on. When they lost their Dutch possessions during the Napoleonic Wars, they were compensated with the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda. Though they lost their German possessions in 1806, the House of Orange-Nassau, through female succession, was the reigning house of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg until 1890 and is still the royal house of the Netherlands.

Rulers

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County of Laurenburg/ Nassau
(1093-1255)
File:Otto Nassau wapen.svg
County of
Northern Nassau

(Ottonian Line)
(1255-1303)
File:Walram Nassau wapen.svg
County of
Southern Nassau

(Walramian Line)
(1255-1355)
County of
Dillenburg

(1st creation)
(1303-1328)
       County of
Hadamar

(1st creation)
(1303-1394)
      
County of
Beilstein

(1343-1561)
      
       County of
Sonnenberg

(1355-1404)
      
      
       File:Blason Nassau-Weilbourg.svg
County of
Weilburg

(1355-1806)
County of
Siegen

(1303-1652/64)
File:Arms Nassau Breda with coronet and golden fleece.svg
Barony of
Breda

(1403-1544)
Renamed as:
File:Prince of Orange proper.svg

Principality of
Orange-Nassau

(1st creation,
Siegen-Breda line)

(1544-1702)<ref>Renaming came with the inheritance of the Principality of Orange by René of Nassau-Breda, heir of the Barony of Breda.</ref>
       County of
Wiesbaden-Idstein

(1st creation)
(1355-1605)
(divided 1370-86; 1480-1509; 1554-56; 1564-66)
       File:Arms of the house of Nassau-Saarbrücken.svg
County of
Saarbrücken

(1st creation)
(1429-1574)
             
      
      
County of
Hadamar

(2nd creation)
(1620-1650)
Raised to:File:Wapen Frans Alexander van Nassau-Hadamar 1674-1711.svg
Principality of
Hadamar

(1650-1711)
(In 1623 divided in Catholic and Protestant ruling lines)

Both lines raised to:
Catholic Principality
of Siegen

(1652-1743)
and
File:Achievement of Nassau Siegen Princes, protestant branch.svg
Protestant Principality
of Siegen

(1664-1734)
      
      
                     County of
Idstein

(2nd creation)
(1627-1688)

Raised to:
Principality of
Idstein

(1688-1721)
              County of
Ottweiler

(1659-1721)
      
                           
File:Achievement of Nassau Dillenburg Princely Counts.svg
County of
Dillenburg

(2nd creation)
(1606-1654)

Raised to:
File:Achievement of Nassau Dillenburg Princes 1559-1739.svg
Principality of
Dillenburg

(1654-1739)
                    
File:Achievement of Nassau Dietz Princely Counts.svg
County of
Dietz

(1606-1654)
Raised to:
File:Achievement of Nassau Dietz Princes.svg
Principality of
Dietz

(1654-1702)
       File:Arms of the house of Nassau-Saarbrücken.svg
County of
Saarbrücken

(2nd creation)
(1627-1728)
                    
Renamed as:
File:Fürstentum Nassau-Oranien wappen 1702-1815.svg
Principality of
Orange-Nassau

(2nd creation, Dietz line)
(1702-1806)
County of Usingen
(1659-1688)
Raised to:
Principality of Usingen
(1688-1806)
      
      
              Principality of
Saarbrücken

(1741-1797)
              Annexed by France
      
File:Fürstentum Nassau-Oranien wappen 1702-1815.svg
Principality of Orange-Nassau
(2nd creation, Dietz line)
(1813-1815)
Duchy of Nassau
(1806-1866)
      
Annexed by Prussia

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Nassau's successor states

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Kings and Queens of the Netherlands (from the House of Orange-Nassau-Dietz)

File:Koninklijk Paleis Amsterdam.jpg
Royal Palace of Amsterdam
  • 1815–1840: William I, also Duke and Grand Duke of Luxemburg and Duke of Limburg
  • 1840–1849: William II, also Grand Duke of Luxemburg and Duke of Limburg
  • 1849–1890: William III, also Grand Duke of Luxemburg and Duke of Limburg
  • 1890–1948: Wilhelmina

Following defunct German laws that no longer have relevance due to the end of German nobility, the House of Orange-Nassau(-Dietz) has been extinct since the death of Wilhelmina (1962). Dutch laws and the Dutch nation do not consider it extinct.

Grand Dukes of Luxembourg (from the House of Nassau-Weilburg)

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File:Luxembourg Grand Ducal Palace 01.jpg
Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg

See also

References

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