Draft:List of anthropogenic disasters by death toll
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This is a list of events that have caused a measurable drop in the total human population. The list covers the name of the event, location and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.
There is often large uncertainty about the death tolls. The tables are initially sorted by the geometric mean, meaning the square root of the product of the lowest and highest estimate, of the cumulative number of deaths, for example, <math>\sqrt{500 \cdot 2000}=1000</math> for a lowest estimate of 500 and highest of 2000 dead since the start of the war or disaster.
War
Wars and armed conflicts
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} This section lists all wars and major conflicts in which the highest-estimated casualties exceeds 100,000. This includes deaths of both soldiers, civilians, etc. from causes both directly and indirectly caused by the war, which includes combat, disease, famine, massacres, suicide, and genocide.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
Mistreatment of civilians during war
This section lists non-combatant deaths during wars that were purposefully committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces with the intent of harm (deaths due to wartime shortages, for example, are not included as they are a side effect of war). They may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives, or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty. See democide.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
| Event | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/> | Location | From | Until | Duration | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| War crimes during World War II | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Worldwide | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | See also: World War II casualties. | |||
| Japanese war crimes | Template:Nts (lowest estimate to include soldier deaths, famine or disease caused by Japanese imperialism)<ref name="Rummell, Statistics">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts+<ref name="educationforum.ipbhost.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific | 1931 | 1945 | 14 years | Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression, the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust<ref name="nyt-1999">Template:Cite news</ref> and Japanese war atrocities.<ref name="bbc-1997">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1992">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="archives.gov">Template:Cite book. Also in printed format, Template:OCLC, Template:ISBN.</ref> Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.Template:Citation needed | |
| Three Alls policy | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | China | 1940 | 1942 | 2 years | In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls policy, a scorched-earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.<ref name="cQCtV">Bix, Herbert, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, New York, Perennial, 2001 p. 365</ref> | |||
| War crimes during the Chinese Civil War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG8">Valentino, Benjamin A. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century, Cornell University Press, p. 88, December 8, 2005.</ref> | Template:Nts | China | 1927 | 1950 | 23 years | During the war, both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.<ref name="EVBTRG9">Rummel, Rudolph (1994), Death by Government.</ref> | |||
| War crimes during the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Sudan | 1956 | 2005 | 49 years | <ref name="EVBTRG10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| War crimes during the Soviet–Afghan War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Afghanistan | 1979 | 1989 | 10 years | Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet invasion as a genocide; however, those killed were on the basis of political alignment, making it a politicide.<ref name="Khalidi">Noor Ahmad Khalidi, "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–87", Central Asian Survey, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">Marek Sliwiński, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People", Orbis (Winter, 1989), p. 39.</ref> | |||
| War crimes of Zhang Xianzhong | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG11">Template:Cite book from J. B. Parsons, The Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty (University of Arizona Press), 1970.</ref> | Template:Nts | Sichuan, China | 1644 | 1646 | 2 years | Committed during a bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.Template:Citation needed | |||
| War crimes during Warlord Era China | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | China | 1900 | 1927 | 27 years | <ref name="rumdinger">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| Mongol sacking after the Siege of Baghdad (1258) | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG13">Andre Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 2 (Brill, 2002), p. 13.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG14">The different aspects of Islamic culture: Science and technology in Islam, Vol.4, Ed. A. Y. Al-Hassan (Dergham, 2001), p. 655.</ref> | Template:Nts | Baghdad | January 29, 1258 | February 10, 1258 | 12 days | Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age". | |||
| Biological warfare and human experimentation by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="1O0up">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Parts of Russia and China, especially Manchuria | 1931 | 1945 | 14 years | See also: Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust. | |||
| War crimes during the Maratha invasions of Bengal | Template:Nts<ref name="Marshall73">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri253">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Marshall73"/><ref name="Chaudhuri253"/> | Template:Nts | Bengal and Bihar regions of Indian subcontinent | 1741 | 1751 | 10 years | Maratha Empire invaded Bengal Subah, occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions, and perpetrated atrocities against the local population.<ref name="Marshall73"/><ref name="Chaudhuri253"/> | |||
| War crimes during La Violencia | Template:Nts<ref name="Bailey, 1967">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Bailey, 1967"/> | Template:Nts | Colombia | 1948 | 1958 | 10 years |
La Violencia was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside. Death toll may include non-civilian victims. | |||
| Manila massacre | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Manila, Philippines | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 1 month | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| War crimes during the Colombian conflict | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Colombia | 1964 | present | 54 years | <ref name="EVBTRG21">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| War crimes during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War | Template:Nts<ref name="mussoeth">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="mussoeth"/> |
Template:Nts | Ethiopia | 1935 | 1941 | 6 years | Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them: battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 78,500, concentration camps: 35,000, February 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.Template:Citation needed | ||
| War crimes during the War in the Vendée | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG23">Donald Greer, The Terror: a Statistical Interpretation, Cambridge (1935)</ref><ref name="Sechervendee">Reynald Secher, La Vendée-Vengé, le Génocide franco-français (1986)</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG24">Jean-Clément Martin, La Vendée et la France, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987. Martin gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death. However, he does not consider it as a genocide.</ref><ref name="EVBTRG25">Jacques Hussenet (dir.), "Détruisez la Vendée!" Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, p.148.</ref> | Template:Nts | France during the French Revolution | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 3 years | Described as genocide by some historians,<ref name="Sechervendee"/> but this claim has been widely discounted.<ref name="Gough">Template:Cite journal</ref> See also: French Revolution. | |||
| War crimes during the First and Second Chechen Wars | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Chechnya | 1994 | 2009 | 15 years | <ref name="EVBTRG28">What justice for Chechnya's disappeared?, AI Index: EUR 46/015/2007, May 23, 2007.</ref><ref name="chechenlosses">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG29">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG30">"Chechen leader says spy 'died a heroTemplate:'". Template:Webarchive, Life Style Extra, November 27, 2006.</ref><ref name="EVBTRG31">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="hrvc">"Civil and military casualties of the wars in Chechnya". Russian-Chechen Friendship Society, 2003.</ref> |
| War crimes during the Iran–Iraq War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Iran and Iraq | 1980 | 1988 | 8 years | 11,000 to 100,000<ref name="r.j.rummel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide. | ||
| War crimes committed by South Vietnam during the Diem era and Vietnam War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Vietnam | 1954 | 1975 | 21 years | <ref name="Rummel, Rudolph 1997">Rummel, Rudolph, "Statistics of Vietnamese Democide", Statistics of Democide, 1997.</ref> | |||
| War crimes during the Syrian civil war | Template:Nts | 110,218 | Template:Nts | Syria | 2011 | present | 7 years | See also: List of massacres during the Syrian civil war | |||
| War crimes of the Lord's Resistance Army | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Uganda, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo | 1986 | 2009 | 23 years | The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.Template:Citation needed | |||
| War crimes of the National Islamic Front | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Sudan | 1964 | 1999 | 35 years | Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.<ref name="jstor">Template:Cite journal</ref> | |||
| War crimes during the Papua conflict | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}} |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG33">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | West Papua | 1963 | present | 55 years | Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963, the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state.Template:Citation needed | |
| War crimes during the Second Italo-Senussi War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Libya | 1923 | 1932 | 9 years | Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.Template:Citation needed | |||
| War crimes of the Viet Cong | Template:Nts<ref name="Lewy">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide">Rummel, Rudolph (1997), Statistics of Vietnamese Democide, in his Statistics of Democide, Table 6.1A, line 467 & Table 6.1B, lines 675, 730, 749–751.</ref> | Template:Nts | Vietnam | 1955 | 1975 | 20 years | ||||
| The Rape of Nanjing | Template:NtshTemplate:Plainlist | Template:NtshTemplate:Plainlist | Template:NtshTemplate:Plainlist | Nanjing, China | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 1 year | The Nanjing Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanjing, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937. See: Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre. | |||
| War crimes during the internal conflict in Peru | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG36">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> [see notes]||Template:Nts[see notes] |
Template:Nts[see notes] | Peru | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 20 years | In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government (armed forces and civil rondas) fought against communist terrorists in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved and other paramilitary entities. Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission reached a figure of approx. 68,784 deaths and disappearances, of which 54% were ascribed to Shining Path, 1.5% to Tupac Amaru and 37% to State officials, who were also responsible for 83% of reported cases of sexual violence, and systematic use of torture. An academic research published in 2019 contests the commission's methodology, reaching a total figure of approx. 47,849, of which 27,872 were victims of State officials, 18,341 of the Shining Path, and 1,636 by all other actors.<ref name="epNAR">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="lXVJx">Template:Cite journal</ref> | |||
| War crimes during the Kashmir Conflict | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG34">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG35">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Kashmir | 1947 | present | 71 years | See also: Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir | ||
| War crimes during the Sheikh Said rebellion | Template:Ntsh15,000
20,000<ref name="The Militant Kurds page 86">Vera Eccarius-Kelly, The Militant Kurds: A Dual Strategy for Freedom, p. 86, 2010.</ref> |
Template:Ntsh40,000
250,000<ref name="page 104">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
41,618 | Turkey | 1925 | 1925 | 1 month | The Sheikh Said Rebellion was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System, and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting.<ref name="EVBTRG37">Template:Cite book</ref> It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers, known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".<ref name="EVBTRG38">Template:Cite book</ref> | ||
| War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG40">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Sri Lanka | 2009 | 2009 | 1 year | There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.<ref name="EVBTRG42">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG43">Template:Cite news</ref> See also: Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War | |
| Violations of human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory | Template:Ntsh Many tens of thousands | Template:Ntsh Many tens of thousands | Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, Philippines, Nigeria and sporadic terrorism worldwide | 2014 | present | 7 years | ISIS has existed as an active terrorist organization in one form or another since at least 2003. Many tens of thousands of casualties in the Iraqi wars of the 21st century can be attributed to them and their parent organizations. See also the death tolls from 2014 onwards in International military intervention against ISIL | ||||
| War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ukraine | 2022 | present | months | Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War#Civilian deaths | |||
| Sack of Thessalonica (904) | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG44">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Byzantine Empire | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | ? | The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed, the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.Template:Citation needed | |||
| War crimes in the Tigray War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Tigray, Ethiopia | 2020 | present | over 2 years | Casualties of the Tigray War#Total deaths | |||
| Use of child soldiers in Iran during the Iran–Iraq War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Iran | 1980 | 1988 | 8 years | 3% of 2–600,000 casualties.<ref name="hiro205">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Rajaee1997">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze2011">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="EVBTRG45">Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century (1999) pp. 134–35</ref><ref name="Dunnigan 1991">Dunnigan, A Quick and Dirty Guide to War (1991)</ref><ref name="Twentieth Century World History 1997">Jan Palmowski, Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History (Oxford, 1997)</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">Clodfelter, Micheal, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991</ref><ref name="Chirot, Daniel 1994">Chirot, Daniel, Modern Tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age (1994)</ref><ref name="EVBTRG46">"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997), p. 195.</ref><ref name="EVBTRG47">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| Massacres during the Algerian Civil War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Algeria | 1991 | 2002 | 11 years | <ref name="Bedjaoui">"An Anatomy of the Massacres", Ait-Larbi, Ait-Belkacem, Belaid, Nait-Redjam, and Soltani, in An Inquiry into the Algerian Massacres, ed. Bedjaoui, Aroua, and Ait-Larbi, Hoggar: Geneva 1999.</ref><ref name="EVBTRG48">"Wanton and Senseless? The Logic of Massacres in Algeria" Template:Webarchive, Stathis N. Kalyvas, Rationality and Society, Vol. 11, No. 3, 243–285 (1999)</ref> | |||
| War crimes during the Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war | Template:Nts<ref name="sn4hr.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="9dP23">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Syria | September 2015 | present | 4 years | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> See also: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War. |
| War crimes during the Balochistan conflict | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Balochistan, Pakistan | 1937 | present | 81 years | <ref name="EVBTRG49">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="EVBTRG51">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| September 11 attacks | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | United States | September 11, 2001 | September 11, 2001 | 1 day | <ref name="EVBTRG61">Template:Cite news</ref> | |||
| War crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Donbas, Ukraine | 2014 | Template:Ntsh Present | 7 years | <ref name="EVBTRG62">"Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine Issue 11" (PDF), OHCHR, July 9, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</ref> | |||
| Sabra and Shatila massacre | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG63">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG644">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts | West Beirut, Lebanon | September 16, 1982 | September 18, 1982 | 2 days | Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians. |
Political repression
Abuse of workers, forced laborers and slaves
This section lists deaths caused by poor labor conditions, executions for not performing labor satisfactorily, and deaths caused by mistreatment of the workforce both in transit and at work locations.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
| Event | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/> | Location | From | Until | Duration | Notes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlantic slave trade | Template:Nts<ref name="HjLHH">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="egC2A">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Africa, the Americas, and the Atlantic | 1500s | 1800s | 200 years | ||||
| Slavery in the Ottoman Empire | Template:NtsTemplate:Citation needed | Template:NtsTemplate:Citation needed | Template:Nts | Eurasia, Middle East, North Africa | 1450 | 1800 | 350 years | There is no concrete number for total number of persons killed due to Ottoman slavery, such as the Barbary slave trade, Nogai slave raids, or Zanj Slave Trade.<ref name="FgSVH">Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800.</ref><ref name="AqyPz">The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804.</ref> | ||||
| Laogai system | Template:Nts<ref name="horriblethings"/> | Template:Nts<ref name="SvTJw">Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. p. 338:</ref> | Template:Nts | China | 1945 | 1976 | 31 years | Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves.Template:Citation needed Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens.<ref name="HRW">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.Template:Citation needed | |||
| Atrocities in the Congo Free State | Template:NtsTemplate:Efn | Template:NtsTemplate:Sfn | Template:Nts | Congo Free State | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 23 years | Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. The main cause of the population decline was disease and starvation, which was exacerbated by the social disruption caused by the Free State, such as population displacement and poor treatment. Additionally disease, famine and violence combined to reduce the birth-rate while excess deaths rose.<ref name="Hochschild 1999">Hochschild, Adam (1999), pp. 226–32, King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; Template:ISBN</ref> Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.<ref name="Hochschild p.226–232">Hochschild, pp. 226–32.</ref> | ||||
| Trans-Saharan slave trade | 3,500,000<ref name="EVBTRG1">Template:Cite journal</ref> | 6,000,000<ref name="EVBTRG1"/> | 4,582,576 | Africa | 5th century BC | 1981 | 2400 years | |||||
| Indian Ocean slave trade | 17,000,000<ref name="TQlJq">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="VLLBn">Template:Cite book</ref> | Africa, Middle East, South Asia | 25th century BC | 1910 | 4400 years | |||||||
| Gulag system | Template:Nts<ref name="stalinpenal">Pool, The Stalinist Penal System, p. 131</ref><ref name="0h340">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="TFmya">Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag, Yale University Press.</ref> | Template:Nts | Soviet Union | 1930s | 1950s | 20 years | Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war.Template:Citation needed There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million.<ref name="uU78m">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="RgmWB">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="YCUpp">Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust. Routledge, 2009. Template:ISBN p. 67 "...more complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537"; p. 77: "The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953." </ref> | ||||
| Forced labor in North Korea | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | North Korea | 1972 | ongoing | 49 years | <ref name="VlIvA">Black Book of Communism, p. 564.</ref><ref name="mooncuddles">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
| Hacienda peonage and chattel slavery | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Mexico | 1900 | 1920 | 20 years | R.J. Rummel, coiner of the word "democide", estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage, a form of debt labor, by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time, coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.Template:Citation needed | ||||
| Forced labor of Koreans by Imperial Japan | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Korea and Manchuria | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | <ref name="JdGid">Template:Cite book Available online: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
| Forced labour in the Portuguese Empire | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Portuguese Empire | 1900 | 1925 | 25 years | <ref name="AB0iz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
| Barbary slave trade | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Italy, Spain, and Portugal | 1500s | 1600s | 100 years | <ref name="remilitari">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> – Part of Slavery in the Ottoman Empire | |||
| Slavery during the Amazon rubber boom | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Amazon, Brazil | 1900 | 1912 | 12 years | <ref name="vbR7h">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
| Construction of the Burma Railway | Template:Nts<ref name="mansell.com">MacPherson, Neil, "Death Railway Movements", mansell.com. Retrieved January 6, 2015.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="mansell.com"/> | Template:Nts | Burma | 1943 | 1947 | 4 years |
Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers (Romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans.<ref name="mansell.com"/> | ||||
| Forced labour in the French colonial empire | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Africa | 1900 | 1940 | 40 years | <ref name="8qsgt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
| Forced labor of Chinese contract workers in Peru | Template:Nts<ref name="smithbodies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="brownsla"/> | Template:Nts | Peru | 1849 | 1874 | 26 years | 80,000<ref name="smithbodies"/> to 100,000<ref name="smithbodies"/><ref name="brownsla">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the sugar plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of slavery. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal guano mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force (contributing greatly to the Peruvian guano boom) until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to La Oroya and Huancayo. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics, and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites.<ref name="ACyjO">Template:Cite news</ref> Between 1849 and 1874 half<ref name="smithbodies"/><ref name="brownsla"/> the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion, and suicide<ref name="brownsla"/> caused by forced labor.<ref name="smithbodies"/><ref name="brownsla"/> | ||
| Forced labor of Allied POWs during World War II | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | In and around the Pacific | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps, where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%).<ref name="KSrzU">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="O9eY4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
| Forced labor across the Danube-Black Sea Canal in Romania | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Romania | 1949 | 1953 | 5 years | According to Marius Oprea, the death rate among political prisoners at the canal was extremely high; for instance, in the winter of 1951–52, there were one to three detainees dying every day at the Poarta Albă camp, near Galeșu village.<ref name="abator">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> The Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania presented an estimate of several thousand deaths among the political prisoners used in the project, significantly higher than 656 officially recorded by an official report from 1968.<ref name="CPADCR">Template:In lang Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România: Raport Final / ed.: Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Cristian Vasile, București: Humanitas, 2007, Template:ISBN, pp. 253–261</ref> Journalist Anne Applebaum had previously claimed that over 200,000 had died in its construction,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Fix }} as a result of exposure, unsafe equipment, malnutrition, accidents, tuberculosis and other diseases, over-work, etc.,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> while political analyst Vladimir Socor had estimated the number of deaths to be "considerably in excess of 10,000".<ref name="socor">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> According to Andrei Muraru, a historian and adviser to Romanian President Klaus Iohannis, the project became known as The Death Canal (Canalul Morții).<ref name="Mutler">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> It has also been called "a cesspool of immense human suffering and mortality".<ref name="rothschild">Joseph Rothschild, Nancy Meriwether Wingfield, Return to diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe Since World War II, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, p. 161 Template:ISBN</ref> Investigations conducted by the Association of Former Political Prisoners of Romania (AFDPR) Constanța, based on death records from the villages found along the Canal route, indicate 6,355 "Canal workers" (a euphemism for detainees) died during the 1949–1953 period.<ref name="Stănescu Vol. III., p. 280.">Template:Harvnb</ref> |
| Construction of the Suez Canal | Template:Nts<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Egypt | 1859 | 1869 | 10 years | French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan in 1854–56 to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000,<ref name="1567E">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue, and disease, especially cholera.<ref name="PcXl5">The Suez Crisis – Key maps, bbc.co.uk. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</ref> | ||
| FIFA World Cup-related abuses of human rights in Qatar | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts | Qatar | 2013 | ongoing | 8 years | Out of at least 100,000 laborers.<ref name="Xyt5Y">Template:Cite news</ref> | ||||
| Rana Plaza factory collapse | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Dhaka, Bangladesh | 2013 | 2013 | 1 day | 1,134 workers in the garment factory where reported dead and over 2,500 injured after it collapsed due to poor engineering and neglect of safety guidelines |
Genocides, ethnic cleansing, religious persecution
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} This section lists events that entail the mass murder (or death caused by the forced eviction) of individuals on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
| Event | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/> | Location | From | Until | Duration | Notes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | Template:Nts<ref name="Sx8YT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name=":0"/><ref name="American Philosophy 1491"/> | Template:Nts | America | 1492 | 1996<ref name="cbc.ca">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Tasker">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Smith">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="trccanada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
504 years | While estimates for the overall Indigenous death toll vary widely, a study by scientists from University College London estimated that 56 million Indigenous peoples died in the Americas by 1600, accounting for 90% of their total population. The decline was caused primarily by diseases that were previously unknown to the continent, such as smallpox, along with slavery and war. The study also concluded that the resulting disruption of land use was so significant that it affected CO2 levels and affected climate change.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See also: Spanish colonization of the Americas, Encomienda system, Mexican Indian Wars, List of Indian massacres, Putumayo genocide, Amazon rubber cycle | |||
| Generalplan Ost (World War II civilian casualties of the Soviet Union) | 7,420,135Template:Citation needed | 13,684,448 | 10,076,728 | German-occupied Europe and Russia | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | Germany's extermination of civilian citizens of the Soviet Union.
Numbers include Jewish victims and overlap with The Holocaust. | |||||
| The Holocaust | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Fischer2020">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | German-occupied Europe | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | The systematic and bureaucratic genocide of European Jews by Germany, and its collaborators, exterminated approximately 1/3 of the global Jewish population, 2/3 of local European. Most commonly cited figures are between approximately 5.9 to 6.3 million killed.<ref name="7tHu8">"How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?". Yad Vashem. (FAQs about the Holocaust).</ref><ref name="VOUdy">"The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". JVL. Retrieved November 2013.</ref> | |||||
| Holodomor | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ukraine | 1932 | 1933 | 1 year | The term "Ukrainian Genocide" usually refers to the man-made famine of 1932 through 1933, called the Holodomor, in which the grain of Ukrainians was confiscated to the point where they could not survive off the amount of grain they had, and were also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a Gulag camp.
The term also includes the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge. The main advocate for this view was Raphael Lemkin, creator of the word genocide. Data from after the opening of the Soviet archives records deaths at 2.4 to 7.5 million in famine, 300,000 during the purge, and 1,100 from the Law of Spikelets. Some scholars dispute that the famine was deliberately engineered by the Soviet government or that it was a genocide.<ref name="SlyVq">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="t9S0Z">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="KydsW">Template:Cite journal</ref> – Part of the Soviet famine of 1930–1933 | |||||
| Nazi crimes against the Polish nation | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | German-occupied Poland | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | Genocide of Poles during the invasion of Poland by Germany. | |||||
| Three Alls policy | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | China | 1940 | 1942 | 2 years | In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.Template:Citation needed– Part of the Japanese war crimes | |||||
| Cambodian genocide | Template:Nts<ref name="Bruce Sharp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia". In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.</ref> | Template:Nts | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge.
Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.Template:Citation needed |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide. According to Samuel Totten Template:Nts ethnic Khmers were killed. | |||
| Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Kazakhstan | 1932 | 1933 | 1 year | – Part of the Soviet famine of 1930–1933 | |||||
| Rwandan and Burundian genocides | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire | 1959 | 1997 | 38 years | Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis.
This includes 1959, 1963, 1973 Tutsis Massacres in Rwanda, 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 1996–97 Massacre of Hutus in Zaire, 1972 Ikiza in Burundi, 1988 Hutus massacres, 1993 Burundi Genocide, and Ethnic violence in Burundi Civil War 1993–2006 | |||||
| Population transfer in the Soviet Union | 1,124,203 | 1,912,392 | 1,466,259 | Soviet Union | 1920 | 1951 | 31 years | May include casualties of de-Cossackization. | |||||
| Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Eastern Europe | 1944 | 1950 | 6 years | Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II. | |||||
| Armenian genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ottoman Empire | 1914 | 1918 | 4 years | The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1 million people, this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha. | |||||
| Circassian genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Russian-occupied Circassia | 1864 | 1867 | 3 years | 90–97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the Russian forces.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Richmond2">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||||
| Persecution of Hazaras during the 1888–1893 uprisings of Hazaras | Template:Nts<ref name="SLpGE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="pitasour">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Afghanistan | 1888 | 1893 | 5 years | Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan's crackdown of the Hazaras. | |||
| Punti–Hakka Clan Wars | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | China | 1850 | 1867 | 17 years | After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1 million and there was also a mass execution done during the Taiping Rebellion. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month.<ref name="DdTjF">Purcell, Victor. China. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 167</ref><ref name="T1pvJ">Quoted in ibid., p. 239.</ref><ref name="IvJiM">Chesneaux, Jean. Peasant Revolts in China, 1840–1949. Translated by C. A. Curwen. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40</ref> | |||||
| 1971 Bangladesh genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="xC1gv">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | East Pakistan | March 21, 1971 | December 16, 1971 | 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days | See also: Bangladesh Liberation War, Operation Searchlight, List of massacres in Bangladesh, Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War | ||||
| Rwandan genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Rwanda | April 7, 1994 | July 19, 1994 | 103 days | The Rwandan Genocide may be the fastest killing of a national population in human history in a single annum, with 13% of the population killed in 100 days. If the Genocide had persisted all year at the same rate, then between 50% and 70% of the Rwandan population could have been killed. | |||||
| French conquest of Algeria | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Algeria | 1830 | 1903 | 73 years | According to Ben Kiernan, "colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem." He estimates that within the first three decades (1830–1860) of French conquest, between 500,000 and 1 million Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, died due to war, massacres, disease and famine.<ref name="Kiernan2007">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="rfLSj">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||||
| Partition of India | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | India | 1947 | 1957 | 10 years | In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2 million people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="Nehfc">D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia, Routledge. p. 53; Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="SxgSZ">Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations, Routledge. p. 5; Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="bEQtS">Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India, Duke University Press.</ref> | |||||
| Romani Genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Nazi occupied Europe | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states. | |||||
| Dzungar genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Dzungar Khanate | 1755 | 1758 | 3 years | The mass extermination of Dzungar Mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor. | |||||
| Greek genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ottoman Empire | 1913 | 1922 | 9 years | Violent ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia. | |||||
| Albigensian Crusade | Template:Nts<ref name="Albigensian Crusade">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="Albigensian Crusade"/> |
Template:Nts | Languedoc, France | 1209 | 1229 | 20 years | Raphael Lemkin, well known as the coiner of the term "genocide", referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".<ref name="LemkinJacobs2012">Template:Cite book</ref> | ||||
| Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Brazil | 1900 | 1985 | 85 years | <ref name="necrometrics.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
| Libyan genocide | 250,000 | 750,000 | 433,013 | Italian Libya | 1911 | 1943 | 32 years | The systematic destruction of the Libyan people and culture by the Italian Empire and its colonial authority; from 1929 to 1934<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> alone, 83,000–125,000 Libyans were massacred or died in Italian concentration camps.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> However, when applying the wider definition of genocide, during the entire Italian colonial period, it is estimated that anywhere from 250,000 to 750,000 Libyans died.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Served as an inspiration for Nazi Germany for the Holocaust; Nazi German officials made several visits to Italian Libya and complimented the Italian methods as "successful" and would go on to apply them against Jews, Romani, Homosexuals, etc.<ref name=":2" /> | |||||
| Occupation of Tibet | Template:Nts<ref name="2bxki">Smith 1997, pp. 600–01 n. 8</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts">"Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts". Template:Webarchive, The Department of Information and International Relations: Central Tibetan Administration, 1996. p. 53</ref> | Template:Nts | Tibet | 1950 | present | 68 years | In 1960, the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began.Template:Full citation needed The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.<ref name="OPLNX">Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011.</ref>Template:Request quotation | |||||
| Third Punic War | Template:Nts<ref name="T4buv">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Tunisia | 149 BC | 146 BC | 3 years | This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence. Classified by some historians as the first true genocide.<ref name="T4buv" /><ref name="ZWtVm">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Ben Kierman. Yale University. “The First Genocide, Carthage, 146 BC.”</ref> | |||||
| Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia | Template:NtsTemplate:Sfn | Template:NtsTemplate:Sfn | Template:Nts | Independent State of Croatia | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | Genocide of Serbs by the Ustaše government of the Independent State of Croatia | |||||
| Chinese genocide under Khmer Rouge | Template:Nts<ref name="ReferenceC"/> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge.<ref name="XLSBP">Template:Cite book</ref> – Part of the Cambodian genocide | |||||
| Cham genocide under Khmer Rouge | Template:Nts<ref name="ReferenceC" /> | Template:Nts<ref name="THkO1">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | The genocide slaughtered over 70% of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves.
According to Ben Kiernan, Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten.Template:Citation needed – Part of the Cambodian genocide | |||||
| Assyrian genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ottoman Empire | 1914 | 1920 | 6 years | One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. | |||||
| Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="rScGi">CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".</ref> | Template:Nts | Zaire | 1996 | 1997 | 1 year | During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred;<ref name="8V8kY">Reyntjens, Filip. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. p. 100</ref> however, Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces.<ref name="amnesty1998">"Democratic Republic of Congo. A long-standing crisis spinning out of control". . Amnesty International, September 3, 1998, p. 9. AI Index: AFR 62/33/98.</ref> The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report.Template:Citation needed | |||||
| Ran Min's "Hu culling" order | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Northern China | 349 | 350 | 1 year | Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the culling of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed, many of whom were mistakenly-identified Han Chinese; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.<ref name="pHFNm">《晉書·卷一百七》 Jin Shu Original text 閔躬率趙人誅諸胡羯，無貴賤男女少長皆斬之，死者二十余萬，屍諸城外，悉為野犬豺狼所食。屯據四方者，所在承閔書誅之，于時高鼻多須至有濫死者半。</ref> | |||||
| Great Famine of Mount Lebanon | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Mount Lebanon | 1915 | 1918 | 3 years | One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. | |||||
| Cromwellian conquest of Ireland | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ireland | 1649 | 1653 | 4 years | The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland.<ref name="lCSll">John Morley, Biography of Oliver Cromwell, p. 298. published 1900 and 2001; Template:ISBN "Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland. Of course, his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England." {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}} British National Archives web site. Retrieved March 2007; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}} From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "... making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history". Retrieved March 2007. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians<ref name="Va8lf">Philip McKeiver in his 2007 work, A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign Template:ISBN and Tom Reilly, 1999, Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy; Template:ISBN</ref> argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists. These arguments, in turn, have been challenged by others.<ref name="7DPE2">Template:Cite journal</ref> | ||
| Caste War of Yucatán | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico | 1847 | 1901 | 54 years | The Caste War of Yucatán against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote, "Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."Template:Sfn– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | |||||
| Destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Iraq | 1977 | 1991 | 14 years | 87,500 to 388,100 Kurds were killed in the destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign including: 2,500<ref name="noriracasua">Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates. row 1313 and 1314 1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would have died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used.</ref> to 12,500<ref name="noriracasua"/> in the Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq, 10,000<ref name="chestnut">Template:Cite book</ref> to 25,000<ref name="alkur">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="heksih">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Clarify were killed during the Feyli Kurds operation, 5,000<ref name="bazmem">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> to 8,000<ref name="pbs.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Kurds were disappeared in the 1983 Barzani killings, 50,000<ref name="hrw">Genocide in Iraq Human Rights Watch, 1993</ref> to 100,000<ref name="hrw"/> (although Kurdish sources have cited a higher figure of 182,000<ref name="Frontline">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>) more Kurds were massacred in the Anfal genocide, and at least 20,000<ref name="upris">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> were killed during the 1991 Iraqi uprising notwithstanding an additional 48,400<ref name="kurdrefugees">1,000 deaths per day in April, May and June along Turkish border a - "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 1991, p.14. "hundreds" (100 to 900?) died per day along Iranian border b - Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran, Followed By Tragedy, Associated Press, Apr 13, 1991 1,100 to 1,900 (a + b) deaths per day from at least April 13th (b) up to between May 1st and May 31st (a ); which suggests 44 to 74 days: 1,100(44)= 48,400 1,900(74)= 140,600 Routine calculations Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.</ref> to 140,600<ref name="kurdrefugees"/> Kurdish refugees that starved to death along the Iranian and Turkish borders. | |
| Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars | Template:Nts<ref name=":12" /> | Template:Nts<ref name=":12">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts | Ottoman Empire | October 1912 | August 1913 | 9 months | Mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Albanian civilians by Serbian and Montenegrin troops during the Balkan Wars | |||||
| Polish Operation of the NKVD | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Soviet Union | 1937 | 1938 | 1 year | The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union. | |||||
| Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush | Template:Nts<ref name="EmLCa">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="GY8zN">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Soviet Union | February 1944 | March 1944 | 1 month | Expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia. | |||||
| Hamidian massacres | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ottoman Empire | 1894 | 1896 | 2 years | Mass murder of Armenian (and other Christian) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian genocide. | |||||
| Massacres of Albanians in World War I | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name=":13">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Principality of Albania, Kosovo, Vardar Macedonia | 1914 | 1918 | 4 years | Mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Albanian civilians during the First World War by Serbian, Montenegrin, Greek and Bulgarian troops | |||||
| Indonesian occupation of East Timor | Template:Nts<ref name="works.bepress.com">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Defert, Gabriel 1992">Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oublié, L'Hartman, 1992.</ref> | Template:Nts | East Timor | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 25 years | The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness,<ref name="gPAXy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.<ref name="Defert, Gabriel 1992"/><ref name="XqDE7">Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor, Human Rights Watch, New York, 1989, p. 253</ref><ref name="yale-university.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
| 1972 Genocide of Burundian Hutus | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Burundi | 1972 | 1972 | ? | Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi.
– Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides | |||||
| Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia | Template:Nts<ref name="qrAeK">The Reconstruction of Nations, 2004</ref><ref name="AFmzK">W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach, 2009, p. 13</ref><ref name="jtBON">Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pp. 447–448</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="TL3bj">Terles in Ethnic Cleansing, p. 61 Czesław Partacz, Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946 Lucyna Kulińska "Dzieci Kresów III", Kraków 2009, p. 467 Józef Turowski, Władysław Siemaszko: Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945. Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie, 1990 Hochspringen ↑ Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko [2000]: Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945. Borowiecky, Warszawa 2000; Template:ISBN, S. 1056.</ref> |
Template:Nts | Volhyn and Eastern Galicia | 1943 | 1944 | 1 year | Genocide<ref name="czl4Y">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="Zbrodnie">W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa. – Piotr Zając, Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939–1945 – ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie, [in:] Zbrodnie przeszłości. Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN, t. 2: Ludobójstwo, red. Radosław Ignatiew, Antoni Kura, Warszawa 2008, pp. 34–49</ref> of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).<ref name="Snyder B">Timothy Snyder "A fascist hero in democratic Kiev", New York Review of Books, February 24, 2010.</ref><ref name="0MUBy">Keith Darden, Resisting Occupation: Lessons from a Natural Experiment in Carpathian Ukraine, p. 5, Yale University, October 2, 2008.</ref><ref name="Himka2">J.P. Himka, "Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history", University of Alberta, March 28, 2011, p. 4</ref><ref name="Od rzezi, 447">Grzegorz Motyka, "Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła",. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947, Kraków (2011), p. 447</ref><ref name="pA5bA">Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 170, 176</ref> | ||||
| Pogroms in the Russian Empire | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Russian Empire | 1903–1906 | 1917–1922 | 19 years | The massacres of Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century, through the killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906<ref name="e5Hni">Weinberg, Robert. The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps. 1993, p. 164.</ref> and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922.<ref name="DMms1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
| Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Turkey | 1921 | present | 97 years | All casualties from the various Kurdish uprisings against the Turkish state.
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> to 20,000:<ref name="r2Qln">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="f2oE9">Template:Cite book</ref> Modern Turk-Kurd conflict
| ||||
| Deportation of the Crimean Tatars | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Soviet Union | 1944 | 1945 | 1 year | Often considered an ethnic cleansing, and Ukraine considers the event genocide. | |||||
| Massacres of European colonists during the rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Present day Peru | 1780 | 1782 | 2 years | The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in Peru and Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia).Template:Sfn | |||||
| Spanish repressions of Dutch Protestants | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | The Low Countries | 1566 | 1609 | 43 years | 100,000 Dutch Protestants massacred under Charles V and Philip II during the Eighty Years' War.<ref name="lEwLz">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||||
| Darfur genocide | Template:Plainlist | Template:Plainlist | Template:Nts | Darfur, Sudan | 2003 | present | 15 years | The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population.<ref name="RgTRE">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="za7lT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.<ref name="Rz0Pu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||
| Al-Anfal genocide<ref name="hrw.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="hrw.org" /> | Template:Nts<ref name="Frontline" /> | Template:Nts | Iraq<ref name="hrw.org" /> | 1986 | 1989 | 3 years | The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al-Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein. | ||||
| Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War | Template:Nts<ref name="Horne 537">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Horne 537" /> | Template:Nts | Algeria | 1962 | ? | ? | The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.Template:Citation needed | |||||
| Racial violence during the Rwandan Revolution | Template:Ntsh50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis | Burundi and Rwanda | 1959 | 1962 | 3 years | <ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||||
| Aktion T4 | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Nazi Germany | 1939 | 1941 | 2 years | A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient. | |||||
| Persecution of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia | Template:Nts<ref name=":24">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Kingdom of Yugoslavia | 1918 | 1941 | 23 years | ||||||
| Conquest of the Canary Islands | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Canary Islands | 1402 | 1520 | 103 years | ||||||
| Guatemalan genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Guatemala | 1960 | 1996 | 36 years | According to the Historical Clarification Commission, 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared, and at least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War, of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were Maya.
– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | |||||
| Annexation of Hyderabad | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Hyderabad State, India | 1948 | 1948 | 5 days | <ref name="QLOyx">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="5FCbM">Template:Cite news</ref> | ||||
| De-Cossackization | Template:Nts<ref name="xJqy2">Futoryansky L.I. (2003). Cossacks in the flames of the civil war in Russia (1918–1920). Orenburg: GOU OGU. p. 474.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="5s3GT">Reshetnikov L.P. (2014). Return to Russia. The third way, or dead ends of hopelessness. M .: FIV. p. 119.</ref> | Template:Nts | Former Russian Empire | 1917 | 1933 | 16 years | Violent class purge, ethnic cleansing, and mass murder of Cossacks, especially Kuban and Don Cossacks, by the Bolsheviks. | |||||
| Effacer le tableau | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Democratic Republic of Congo | 1998 | 2003 | 5 years | Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans.Template:Citation needed | |||||
| Religious Killings of Christians in Nigeria | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Nigeria | 1999 | present | 24 years | Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 Nigerian Christians have been killed by the terrorist group Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen and other groups.<ref name="michaelhaverluck">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="iconreport">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | ||
| Herero and Namaqua genocide | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | German South-West Africa | 1904 | 1908<ref name="Germanyagrees">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
4 years | Genocides of the Herero and Nama peoples by the German Empire during the Herero Wars. | ||||
| Bosnian Genocide and other ethnic cleansings during the Yugoslav Wars | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Yugoslavia and successor states | 1991 | 2001 | 10 years | All civilians killed in the Yugoslav Wars including events such as the Srebrenica massacre, Vukovar massacre, Gospić massacre, and other atrocities.
69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak. During the War in Croatia, 43.4% of the killed on the Croatian side were civilians.Template:Sfn
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> to 40,330:<ref name="sx5aA">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Fh5Av">Template:Cite news</ref> Bosnian War
| ||||
| Genocide against Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Kingdom of Yugoslavia | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | <ref name="Geiger">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="bguuZ">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn<ref name="uP4E5">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||||
| Italian Pacification of Libya | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Libya | 1923 | 1932 | 9 years | The pacification campaign led to the deaths of one quarter of the 225,000 people in region of Cyrenaica. The Italians also expelled half of the region's population.<ref name="Mann309">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||||
| Massacres of Polish civilians during the Warsaw Uprising | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="KXfeJ">Lukas, Richard C. (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name="WNv5P">Walter Laqueur & Judith Tydor Baumel (2001). "Dirlewanger, Oskar". The Holocaust Encyclopedia, Yale University Press (p. 150), Template:ISBN. Retrieved June 24, 2012.</ref> | Template:Nts | Occupied Poland | Template:NtshAugust 5, 1944 | Template:NtshAugust 12, 1944 | 1 week | Polish fatalities in districts of Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising | |||||
| 1993 ethnic violence in Burundi | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Burundi | 1993 | 1993 | ? | Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi.
– Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides | |||||
| Witch trials in the early modern period | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Europe | 1400 | 1800 | 300 years | <ref name="7P63B">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
| British concentration camps during the Second Boer War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Transvaal | 1900 | 1902 | 2 years | Lord Kitchener led the British army against the Boer Republics in the Second Boer War in Southern Africa. In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas, he targeted their families, and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British, Within 2 years, 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to neglect by the British. 115,000 black people were separately jailed, of whom 15,000 died in prison camps.<ref name="46 black people died in the black concentration camps">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
| Burning of Smyrna | Template:Nts<ref name="97GGA">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="VWUXa">Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="4sUr8">Template:Cite book, p. 233.</ref><ref name="bU9nu">Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47–52.</ref> | Template:Nts | Smyrna, Ottoman Empire | Template:NtshSeptember 9, 1922 | Template:NtshSeptember 24, 1922 | 15 days | A fire began in Smyrna four days after the Turkish military captured the city on 9 September, effectively ending the Greco-Turkish War, more than three years after the Greek army had landed troops at Smyrna on 15 May 1919. 10,000 to 100,000 Greeks and Armenians died in the fire and accompanying massacres committed by the Turks. The responsibility for the fire is a controversial issue; some sources blame Turks, and some sources blame Greeks or Armenians.<ref name="mwDUf">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="jDIMn">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||||
| Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State | Template:Nts<ref name="BS5ID">"Which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq?", cnn.com. Retrieved December 22, 2015.</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan | 2003 | present | 16 years | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Shias by ISIL. One of the first instances was the Imam Ali Mosque bombing in Najaf. | |||||
| Austro-Hungarian atrocities during the occupation of Serbia in World War I | Template:Nts<ref name="DWSerbia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="Demm">Template:Cite book</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="DWSerbia" /><ref name="Demm" /> | Template:Nts | Serbia | 1914 | 1915 | 1 year | Mass executions of Serbian civilians by Austro-Hungarian forces | ||||
| Massacres of Kyrgyz people during the Central Asian revolt of 1916 | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Russian Empire, Kyrgyzstan | 1916 | 1916 | 7 months | In 1916, there was an uprising and crackdown of Kyrgyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun.
A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocide though Russia rejected this characterization.<ref name="shkfS">Template:Cite news</ref> Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.<ref name="iEmUA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||
| Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Canara | 1784 | 1799 | 15 years | A 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore.Template:Citation needed | |||||
| 1988 Burundian massacre of Hutus | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Burundi | 1988 | 1988 | ? | <ref name="auto1"/> – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides | |||||
| Parsley massacre | Template:Nts<ref name="Newman">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Tunzelmann">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Newman"/><ref name="Tunzelmann"/> | Template:Nts | Dominican Republic | October 2, 1937 | October 8, 1937 | 6 days | Genocidal massacre of people who say {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Spanish: "parsley") in a French accent in order to determine if they are Afro-Haitian or Afro-Dominican. | |||||
| Australian frontier wars | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Australia | 1788 | 1934 | 146 years | Wars between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which killed about 20,000 aboriginal and 2,500 settlers in combat or massacres.Template:Citation neededSee also: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians | |||||
| Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Abkhazia and Georgia | 1992 | 1993 | 1 year | The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia,<ref name="NuWII">Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia between 1992 and 1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1999.</ref><ref name="Russia p 27">The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p. 27.</ref><ref name="4Lut3">Anatol Lieven, "Victorious Abkhazian Army Settles Old Scores in An Orgy of Looting", The Times, October 4, 1993.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">"In Georgia, Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander", International Herald Tribune, October 22, 1993.</ref><ref name="Y6jQ5">The Human Rights Field Operation: Law, Theory and Practice, Abkhazia Case, Michael O'Flaherty</ref><ref name="r4D7x">The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Michael Bourdeaux, p. 237.</ref><ref name="FKhiB">Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alekseĭ Georgievich Arbatov, p. 388</ref><ref name="Empire p. 72">Georgiy I. Mirsky, On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union, p. 72</ref><ref name="MTBXm">Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, p. 174.</ref><ref name="A6KoH">Michael Bourdeaux, The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, p. 238.</ref> also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia",<ref name="ReferenceA">Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow, Gothic Image Publications, 1994.</ref><ref name="xIrrZ">Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Soviet Union, Svante E. Cornell</ref> and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"<ref name="VHfaF">Tamaz Nadareishvili, Conspiracy Against Georgia, Tbilisi, 2002.</ref> Refers to ethnic cleansing,<ref name="tMX33">Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, p. 230.</ref> massacres<ref name="jWNyL">Gary K. Bertsch, Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, p. 161.</ref> and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians | |||||
| Dersim rebellion | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Dersim, Turkey | 1937 | 1937 | 8 months | The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province.<ref name="Dersim 38 Conference">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="bZHZd">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Pvx8s">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="5Hzd2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="0oyko">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="DqHFL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="GD">Birinci Genel Müfettişlik Bölgesi, Güney Doğu, İstanbul, pp. 66, 194. Template:In lang. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</ref> The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government.<ref name="vBEMk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas<ref name="35s93">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict. – Part of the Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey |
| 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Nigeria | May 29, 1966 | October 1966 | 4 months, 2 days | <ref name="McKenna-1969">Template:Cite journal</ref> | |||||
| Indian massacres in the United States frontiers | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | What is now the United States | 1511 | 1890 | 379 years | It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.<ref name="Osborn, William M. 2001">Osborn, William M. (2001). The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During The American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, Garden City, New York: Random House; Template:ISBN</ref>– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | |||||
| Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="Fink2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="p8wFi">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Bangladesh | 1971 | 1971 | ? | Most extreme episode of the massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs | |||||
| Gukurahundi | Template:Nts<ref name="hxVJ0">"CCJP"</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="hill77">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Zimbabwe | 1983 | 1987 | 5 years | Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade. | |||||
| Deaths of indigenous children in the Canadian residential schools system | Template:Nts<ref name="auto2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Canada | 1876 | 1996 | 120 years | <ref name="auto4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca"/><ref name="Tasker"/><ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Luxen">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="trccanada"/><ref name="Palmater">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | |
| Vietnamese genocide by Khmer Rouge | Template:Nts<ref name="ReferenceC"/> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | 100% of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide, according to Samuel Totten.
– Part of the Cambodian genocide | |||||
| Thai Genocide by Khmer Rouge | Template:Nts<ref name="ReferenceC"/> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | 40% of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten.
– Part of the Cambodian genocide | |||||
| 1946 Bihar riots | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Bihar, British India | October 30, 1946 | November 7, 1946 | 8 days | Killings of Bihari Muslims by Bengali Hindus in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots.<ref name="TFz0Z">Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 111.</ref>Template:Sfn | |||||
| Noakhali riots | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Noakhali Region, Bengal, British India | October 1946 | November 1946 | 1 month | Killings of Bengali Hindus by Bengali Muslims in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots. | |||||
| Sétif and Guelma massacre | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Algeria | 1945 | 1945 | ? | <ref name="Horne 537"/> | |||||
| Genocide of native Tasmanians | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Australia | 1803 | 1905 | 102 years | The last full-blooded Aboriginal Tasmanian was either Truganini or Fanny Cochrane Smith, whose date of death is used here to denote the end of the genocide. In 2017, there were between 6,000 and 23,000 mixed-race individuals of Aboriginal Tasmanian descent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |||||
| Massacres of Arabs and Indians during the Zanzibar Revolution | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Zanzibar | January 12, 1964 | February 2, 1964 | ~21 days | Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution | |||||
| Foibe Massacres | 11,000<ref name="8vNAQ">Template:Cite book</ref> | 3,000<ref name="g6Up6">Template:Cite book</ref> | 5,745 | Istria | 1943 | 1945 | 3 years | The foibe massacres were mass killings both during and after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans against the local ethnic Italian population, mainly in Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia. The term refers to the victims who were often thrown alive into foibas (deep natural sinkholes; by extension, it also was applied to the use of mine shafts, etc. to hide the bodies). | |||||
| 1964 East Pakistan riots | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | East Pakistan | January 2, 1964 | March 28, 1964 | 2 months, 26 days | All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1964.
| |||||
| Simele massacre | Template:Nts<ref name="Zubaida370">Template:Harvnb</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="IFHR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="DeKelaita">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Simele, Kingdom of Iraq | August 7, 1933 | August 11, 1933 | 4 days | The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide.<ref name="Donabed2015">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
| 1950 East Pakistan riots | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | East Bengal | February 1950 | March 1950 | 1 month | All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1950.
| |||||
| 1984 anti-Sikh riots | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | India | October 31, 1984 | November 3, 1984 | 3 days | A series of pogroms against Sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister. | |||||
| Nellie massacre | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Assam, India | Six hours on February 18, 1983 | Six hours on February 18, 1983 | 6 hours | Killings of 2191 Bengali Musims after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to give 4 million Bengali Muslims in Assam the right to vote<ref name="qThrh">"Genesis of Nellie massacre and Assam agitation", Indilens news team. Retrieved November 10, 2015.</ref> | |||||
| Direct Action Day | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | India | August 16, 1946 | August 18, 1946 | 2 days | Also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India. | |||||
| Laotian genocide by Khmer Rouge | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | 40% of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>– Part of the Cambodian genocide | |||||
| 1804 Haiti massacre | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Haiti | Early February 1804 | April 22, 1804 | ? | Genocide of French people in Haiti.Template:Sfn | |||||
| Trail of Tears | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | United States | 1830 | 1850 | 20 years | The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson.
– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | |||||
| Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State | Template:Nts<ref name="UCtW0">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="gtMH6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Sinjar, Iraq and Syria | 2014 | present | 4 years | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL | ||||
| Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State | Template:Nts<ref name="bAcHZ">"As Christians Flee, Governments Pressured To Declare ISIS Guilty Of Genocide". NPR. December 24, 2015. "At least a thousand Christians have been killed. Hundreds of thousands have fled."</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Worldwide | 2014 | present | 4 years | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Christians by ISIL. In Iraq, the genocide started before 2014, as exemplified by the 2010 Baghdad church massacre | |||||
| Selk'nam genocide | Template:NtsTemplate:Sfn | Template:Nts<ref name="Gardini 1984 645–47">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts | Tierra del Fuego, Chile | Late 1800s | Early 1900s | ? | Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe.
– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | |||||
| Expulsion of Cham Albanians | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Thesprotia, Greece | 1944 | 1945 | 1 year | Forced migration of Cham Albanians from Greece to Albania. | |||||
| Massacre of protesters at the Demolition of the Babri Masjid | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ayodhya, India | 1992 | 1993 | 1 year | The destruction of a prominent mosque in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters.<ref name="TG5wz">Template:Cite news</ref> | |||||
| 2002 Gujarat riots | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="TllSi">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts | Gujarat, India | February 2002 | March 2002 | 1 month | Minimum death toll includes 790 Muslim death toll. Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths. Maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead, and a higher 2,500 Muslim death toll.Template:Citation needed | |||||
| Conquest of the Desert | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Argentina | Mid-1870s | 1884 | ? | Military campaign, directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, then inhabited by indigenous peoples. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | |||||
| Black War | 878 | 878 | 878 | Australia | Mid-1820s | 1832 | ? | – Part of the Genocide of native Tasmanians | |||||
| Massacre of Salsipuedes | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Uruguay | April 11, 1831 | The same day | 1 day | Largest event of extermination of the Charrúa people. Most of the tribe was either killed or then sold as slaves to human zoos in Europe that day.
– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas | |||||
Political leaders and regimes
This section lists deaths attributed to certain political leaders, deaths are from both the conditions within the country due to national policy, and active killings by forces loyal to the leader in question.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
| Leader(s) | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/> | Location | From | Until | Duration | Notes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Various Marxist-Leninist leaders | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="University of Hawaii System 2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="Harvard University Press 2018">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:EfnTemplate:Better source needed |
Template:Nts | worldwide | 1917 | present | 104 years |
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| ||||
| Genghis Khan, Timur and Kublai Khan | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Eurasia | 1206 | 1405 | 199 years | Due to the lack or records and time span in which they occurred, estimates of the violence associated with the conquests of the Mongol Empire and its predecessor states vary considerably<ref name="isIlI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> not including the spread of plague to Europe, West Asia, or China it is possible that between 20 and 40 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaign's of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur<ref name="Sujj6">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Q0onu">Template:Cite book</ref> According to Matthew White, up to 60 million people were killed during Genghis Khan's invasions and an additional maximum of 20 million under Timurid campaigns, totaling a higher figure of 80 million people, even not considering the fatalities of Kublai Khan's invasions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> | |||||
| Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping | 14,109,560 | Template:Nts+<ref name="University of Hawaii System 2013"/>Template:Better source needed | Template:Nts | People's Republic of China | 1923 | 1986 | 63 years | Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through mismanaged economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution and class extermination through land reform.
Estimates For each event/policy include:
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Events such as the Siege of Changchun, Yan'nan Rectification Movements, and the Purges in the Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet occurred while Mao occupied territories of China, but before the establishment of the PRC. Deaths from land reform also occurred during and after the Civil War. The death toll for the Laogai prison system is difficult to distinguish between deaths from other events/policies and the regimes of Deng and Mao.Template:See also | ||||||
| Various Fascist leaders | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | worldwide | 1922 | 1975 | 55 years |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of all deaths caused by fascism occurred between 1929 and 1945. Marking the period between The Wall Street Crash and World War II. | ||||||
| Hong Xiuquan | Template:Nts<ref name="Google Search">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="Feigon 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="Google Search"/><ref name="Feigon 2021"/> | Template:Nts | China | 1850 | 1864 | 14 years | Deaths owing to war crimes, and famine caused by the Taiping Rebellion | |||||
| Joseph Stalin | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name=":1"/>Template:Better source needed | Template:Nts | Soviet Union | 1922 | 1953 | 31 years | The millions killed by the regime of Joseph Stalin through famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten million<ref name="vH4NZ">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="5yQaH">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="20L1z">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="YsjCP">Template:Cite journal</ref> Robert Conquest, writer of the book The Great Terror, first stated an estimate of 30 million, then a few years later lowering it to 20 million,<ref name="wkKws">Template:Cite book</ref> and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished during the entire history of the USSR.<ref name="N0Jq0">Template:Cite book</ref> Following the collapse of the USSR and the opening of the archives, scholars have reached lower death tolls.<ref name="75hDc">Template:Cite book</ref> Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 said that Stalin approximately killed 6 million to 9 million<ref name="CBQoD">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Historian Stephen Kotkin in 2018 stated that Stalin together and Lenin are responsible for 18–20 million deaths<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The minimumTemplate:Copy edit inline death toll uses post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime, while higher estimates are based on demographic calculations of population loss. Modern Estimates for each event include.
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>−1.5 million<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>–2.3 million<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Those killed in the Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) and the occupation of the Baltic states are included with the deaths from executions and population transfer. See also | |
| Adolf Hitler | Template:Nts | Template:Nts+ | Template:Nts | German-occupied Europe | 1934 | 1945 | 11 years | The estimate includes The Holocaust against the Jews, plus the genocide and mass murder of Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, disabled people, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs, and the Jehovah's Witnesses
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
|
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}}</ref>–2.77 million<ref name="tsN2a">Polska 1939–1945 – Straty Osobowe I Ofiary Represji Pod Dwiema Okupacjami Tomasz Szarota; Wojciech Materski, eds. (2009). Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami [Poland 1939–1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression under two Occupations]. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. – Janusz Kurtyka; Zbigniew Gluza. Preface.: "ze pod okupacja sowiecka zginelo w latach 1939–1941, a nastepnie 1944–1945 co najmniej 150 tys [...] Laczne straty smiertelne ludnosci polskiej pod okupacja niemiecka oblicza sie obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. [...] Do tych strat nalezy doliczyc ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942–1945 przez nacjonalistów ukrainskich (w tym na samym Wolyniu ok. 60 tys. osób [...] Liczba Zydów i Polaków zydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców siega 2,7– 2,9 mln osób." Translation: "It must be assumed losses of at least 150.000 people during the Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1944 to 1945 [...] The total fatalities of the Polish population under the German occupation are now estimated at 2,770,000. [...] To these losses should be added more than 100,000 Poles murdered in the years 1942–1945 by Ukrainian nationalists (including about 60,000 in Volhynia [...] The number of Jews and Poles of Jewish ethnicity, citizens of the Second Polish Republic, murdered by the Germans amounts to 2.7–2.9 million people." – Waldemar Grabowski. German and Soviet occupation. Fundamental issues.: "Straty ludnosci panstwa polskiego narodowosci ukrainskiej sa trudne do wyliczenia," Translation: "The losses of ethnic Poles of Ukrainian nationality are difficult to calculate." Note: Polish losses amount to 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland and about 90 percent of the 3.3 million Jews of prewar times. The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity.</ref> Poles and other Non-Jews killed by Nazis in Poland
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}}</ref> killed in Porajmos (1/4 of Roma population)
|
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}}</ref><ref name="3ye68">"Euthanasia Program" (PDF). Yad Vashem. 2018. Chase, Jefferson (January 26, 2017).</ref><ref name="2XPeM">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref><ref name="LPpjY">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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| Hirohito, various leaders | Template:Nts<ref name="Rummell, Statistics"/> | Template:Nts<ref name="educationforum.ipbhost.com"/> | Template:Nts | In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific | 1937 | 1945 | 8 years | If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. See also: Japanese war crimes | |||||||
| Leopold II of Belgium | Template:NtsTemplate:Efn | Template:NtsTemplate:Sfn | Template:Nts | Congo Free State | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 23 years | Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. The main cause of the population decline was disease and starvation, which was exacerbated by the social disruption caused by the Free State, such as population displacement and poor treatment. Additionally disease, famine and violence combined to reduce the birth-rate while excess deaths rose.<ref name="Hochschild 1999"/> Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.<ref name="Hochschild p.226–232"/> See also: Atrocities in the Congo Free State | |||||||
| Vladimir Lenin | Template:Nts<ref>Norman Lowe. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History. Palgrave, 2002. p. 155.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref>How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine Stanford News</ref> | Template:Nts | Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | 1917 | 1922 | 5 years | Including low and high estimates for the Kronstadt rebellion, Red Terror, Tambov Rebellion, and Russian famine of 1921–1922. All estimates are available in their respective articles. | |||||||
| Ranavalona I | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Madagascar | 1829 | 1842 | 13 years | Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of fanompoana—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, Radama I, in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among fanompoana workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833 and 1839, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829 and 1842 in Imerina.<ref name="Stats">Template:Cite journal</ref> These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts.<ref name="Laidler 2005">Laidler (2005)</ref> | |||||||
| Chiang Kai-Shek | 480,643 | Template:Nts<ref name="rumdinger"/> | 2,215,691 | Republic of China | 1928 | 1946 | 18 years | Higher death toll is primarily attributed to conscription campaigns and grain confiscations.
The minimum death toll is based on minimum calculations from the Kuomintang anti-communist massacres (40,643),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> 1938 Changsha fire (30,000), the flooding of the Yellow River (400,000),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and the February 28 incident (10,000).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | |||||||
| Pol Pot | Template:Nts<ref name="Bruce Sharp"/> | Template:Nts<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001"/> | Template:Nts | Cambodia | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.Template:Citation neededSee also: Cambodian genocide | |||||||
| The Young Turks | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ottoman Empire | 1913 | 1922 | 9 years | Under the Young Turks' regime that took power in 1908, the Ottoman Empire committed various genocides and ethnic cleansings. The minimum death toll is derived from the sum of the minimum death tolls of the Armenian genocide (800,000), Assyrian genocide (150,000), Greek genocide (289,000), ethnic cleansing of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913 (50,000), and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (200,000). The maximum death toll is derived from the work of Rudolph Rummel. | |||||||
| Omar al-Bashir | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Sudan | 1989 | 2019 | 29 years | 1 to 2 million: Second Sudanese Civil War
63,000 to 530,000:<ref name="Rjqro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> Darfur genocide | ||||||
| Kim Dynasty | Template:Nts | Template:NtsTemplate:Citation needed | Template:Nts | North Korea | 1948 | present | 70 years | North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world.<ref name="mooncuddles"/> See also: Human rights in North Korea | |||||||
| Communist Afghanistan<ref name="Khalidi"/><ref name="Sliwinski"/> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Afghanistan | 1979 | 1989 | 10 years | ||||||||
| Suharto | Template:Nts | Template:Nts+ | Template:Nts | Indonesia | 1965 | 1998 | 33 years | 65/66 Politicide: 78,500 to 3 million "communists" East Timor atrocities: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese West Papua atrocities: 100,000 papuans Petrus killings: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals | |||||||
| Théoneste Bagosora | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Rwanda | 1994 | 1994 | 100 days | approximately 17% of the population of Rwanda was killed in 100 days, in the Rwandan genocide. | |||||||
| Mengistu Haile Mariam | Template:Nts<ref name="QNm1x">de Waal, Alex. Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. London: Africa Watch / Human Rights Watch, 1991, p. 110.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="3nRhY">White 2011, pp. 455–456: "For those who prefer totals broken down by country, here are reasonable estimates for the number of people who died under Communist regimes from execution, labor camps, famine, ethnic cleansing, and desperate flight in leaky boats: China: 40,000,000 Soviet Union: 20,000,000 North Korea: 3,000,000 Ethiopia: 2,000,000 Cambodia: 1,700,000 Vietnam: 365,000 (after 1975) Yugoslavia: 175,000 East Germany: 100,000 Romania: 100,000 North Vietnam: 50,000 (internally, 1954–75) Cuba: 50,000 Mongolia: 35,000 Poland: 30,000 Bulgaria: 20,000 Czechoslovakia: 11,000 Albania: 5,000 Hungary: 5,000 Rough Total: 70 million (This rough total doesn't include the 20 million killed in the civil wars that brought Communists into power, or the 11 million who died in the proxy wars of the Cold War. Both sides probably share the blame for these to a certain extent. These two categories overlap somewhat, so once the duplicates are weeded out, it seems that some 26 million people died in Communist-inspired wars.)"</ref> |
Template:Nts | Ethiopia | 1977 | 1987 | 10 years | ||||||||
| Saddam Hussein | Template:Nts<ref name="BurnsFilkins">A January 26, 2003 The New York Times article by John F. Burns similarly states "the number of those 'disappeared' into the hands of the secret police, never to be heard from again, could be 200,000." Noting that the Iran–Iraq War cost approximately 800,000 lives on both sides and that—while "surely a gross exaggeration"—Iraq estimated there were 100,000 deaths resulting from U.S. bombing in the Gulf War, Burns concludes: "A million dead Iraqis, in war and through terror, may not be far from the mark." See {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}} Also writing in The New York Times, Dexter Filkins appeared to echo but misrepresent Burns's remark on October 7, 2007: "[Saddam] murdered as many as a million of his people, many with poison gas. ... His unprovoked invasion of Iran is estimated to have left another million people dead." See {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}} In turn, Arthur L. Herman accused Saddam of "kill[ing] as many as two million of his own people" in Commentary on July 1, 2008. See {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="BurnsFilkins"/> | Template:Nts | Iraq | 1979 | 2003 | 24 years | see Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq#Number of victims | ||||
| Ante Pavelić and Nikola Mandić | Template:Nts<ref name="csmonitor.com">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="mP0mj">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Croatia<ref name="csmonitor.com"/> | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | See also: Independent State of Croatia | ||||||
| Milton Obote | 300,000 | 1 million<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | 547,723 | Uganda | 1966
1980 |
1971
1985 |
10 years | ||||||||
| Commonwealth of England | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ireland | 1649 | 1660 | 11 years | See also: Cromwellian conquest of Ireland | |||||||
| Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Vietnam | 1954 | 2000 | 46 years | 95,000: re-education camps<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide"/> 13,500<ref name="lib.washington.edu"/>–200,000:<ref name="paulbogdanor.com"/> land reform 36,725<ref name="Lewy"/> to 227,000:<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide"/> war crimes 200,000 to 560,000:<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide"/><ref name="The Associated Press of 1979"/> boat people The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes, re-education camps, and land reform. The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform, war crimes, re-education camps and boat people, which may or may not be attributable to the regime. | |||||||
| Benito Mussolini | Template:Nts | Template:Nts+ | Template:Nts | Italy, Libya, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, Greece | 1922 | 1945 | 24 years |
|
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|
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|
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}}</ref> War crimes in Yugoslavia | ||||
| Gustavo Rojas Pinilla | Template:Nts<ref name=“GustavoRP”>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Colombia | 1953 | 1957 | 4 years | See also: La Violencia | ||||||
| Francisco Franco | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Spain, Austria, and Russia | 1939 | 1975 | 36 years | Diseases and starvation: 130,000 (1939–1943) Repression: 30,000–100,000 (1939–1948) Prison camps: 20,000 (1939–1943) Spanish Maquis: 5,548 (1939–1965) World War II: 5,000 (Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria) Blue Division: Casualties in the Russo-German conflict totalled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties. | |||||||
| Idi Amin | Template:Nts<ref name="Ullman1978">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="guardian_obit">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Uganda | 1971 | 1979 | 8 years | Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda." | |||||||
| Josip Broz Tito | Template:Nts<ref name="XSXJS">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="aEj2n">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Yugoslavia | 1944 | 1980 | 36 years | |||||||
| Bashar al-Assad | Template:Nts<ref name="OrmZk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
500,000<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | 209,705 | Syria | 2011 | present | 9 years | See also: Syrian civil war
perhaps up to 278,460<ref name="multiple1">
|
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}}
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|
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}}</ref> civilians killed An additional 154,000 civilians have been forcibly disappeared or subject to arbitrary detentions; with over 135,000 individuals being tortured, imprisoned or dead in government detention centres as of 2023.Template:Efn | ||
| Michel Micombero | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Burundi | 1966 | 1976 | 10 years | See also: Ikiza | |||||||
| Government of Guatemala, Armed Forces of Guatemala, and Mano Blanca | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Guatemala | 1960 | 1996 | 36 years | Between 140,000 and 200,000 dead and missing in Guatemalan Civil War (estimated)<ref name=briggs>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=bbc11>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn 93% killed by government forces<ref>Historical Clarification Commission (CEH) (1999). Guatemala: Memory of silence. Guatemala City: Historical Clarification Commission. pp. 17–23.</ref> | |||||||
| FRELIMO | Template:Nts<ref name="mosq">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="mosq"/> | Template:Nts | Communist Mozambique | 1975 | 1999 | 24 years | See also: Mozambican Civil War | ||||||
| King Salman | Template:Nts<ref name="yY1g1">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts+<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Yemen | 2016 | present | 5 years | See also: Famine in Yemen | |||||
| Ivan the Terrible | Template:Nts<ref name="Ivan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="9p7Hx">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Russian Empire | 1533 | 1584 | 51 years | ||||||
| Communist rule in Romania, various leaders | Template:Nts<ref name="Valentino 2005 p. 75">Valentino (2005) Final solutions Table 2 found at p. 75.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="communistkills">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Romania | 1945 | 1989 | 44 years | Total does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies. | ||||||
| Syngman Rhee | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | South Korea | 1950 | 1950 | 1 years | During the Bodo League massacre<ref name="apphoto">Template:Cite news</ref> | |||||||
| Siad Barre | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Somalia | 1988 | 1991 | 3 years | See also: Isaaq genocide | |||||||
| Second Spanish Republic | Template:Nts<ref name="University of Hawaii, Rummell">University of Hawaii, Rummell</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="University of Hawaii, Rummell"/> | Template:Nts | Spain | 1931 | 1939 | 8 years | See also: Red Terror (Spain) | |||||||
| Communist rule in Bulgaria, various leaders | Template:Nts<ref name="Sofia 2010">Hanna Arendt Center in Sofia, with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev. Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria. Country report. "Crimes of the Communist Regimes" Conference. February 24–26, 2010, Prague.</ref><ref name="mwHR6">Шарланов, Диню. История на комунизма в Булгария: Комунизирането на Булгариия. Сиела, 2009; Template:ISBN.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="communistkills"/> | Template:Nts | Bulgaria | 1944 | 1989 | 45 years | Collectivization and political repression in Bulgaria | |||||||
| Sheng Shicai | Template:Nts<ref name=shicaideaths> Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. London: Hurst Publishers. ISBN 9781849040679. p.210 </ref> | Template:Nts<ref name=shicaideaths> Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. London: Hurst Publishers. ISBN 9781849040679. p.210 </ref> | Template:Nts | Xinjiang Province, Republic of China | 1933 | 1945 | 13 years | ||||||||
| Vlad the Impaler | Template:Nts<ref name="rSXu1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="p. 99">Stoicescu, Vlad Țepeș p. 99</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Wallachia | 1456 | 1462 | 6 years | ||||||||
| Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, various leaders | Template:Nts<ref name="communistkills"/>Template:Unreliable source? | Template:Nts<ref name="communistkills"/>Template:Unreliable source? | Template:Nts | Czechoslovakia | 1948 | 1968 | 20 years | See also: Communist repression in Czechoslovakia | |||||||
| Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khemenei | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Iran | 1979 | present | 39 years | 4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre 6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed (refer to earlier tables on page) 8,000 to 9,500 Casualties of the Iranian Revolution<ref name="Tucker">Template:Cite book</ref> More than 30,000 Kurds died in the 1979 rebellion and the consequent KDPI insurgency.<ref name=hicks2000>Template:Citation</ref> | |||||||
| Henry VIII | Template:Nts<ref name="MdW3R">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="Bevan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | England | 1509 | 1547 | 38 years | ||||||
| Francisco Macías Nguema | Template:Nts<ref name="Fegley1989">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Equatorial Guinea | 1968 | 1979 | 11 years | At trial, Macías Nguema and his regime was accused of the genocide of 20,000.<ref name="Fegley1989"/>Template:Rp | |||||||
| Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador and proceeding government of El Salvador | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | El Salvador | 1979 | 1992 | 12 years | 65,161+ civilians killed in Salvadoran Civil War<ref name="Seilgon"/> along with 5,292+ disappeared.<ref name="Seilgon">Template:Cite book</ref> The Truth Commission for El Salvador concluded that approximately 85% of the abuses committed between 1980 and 1991 were committed by government forces.<ref name=":0"/> Controversially, the commission named over 40 senior members of the military, judicial system, and armed opposition in the report for their involvement in the conduction of the mass atrocities. Furthermore, from the 22,000 testimonies documented, at least 60% involved murders, 25% involved disappearances, and 20% involved torture.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||||
| Rafael Trujillo | Template:Nts<ref name="lalupa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="harvp">Template:Harvp</ref><ref name="ErPaul">Template:Cite journal</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="lalupa"/><ref name="harvp"/><ref name="ErPaul"/> | Template:Nts | Dominican Republic | 1930 | 1960 | 30 years | |||||||
| Sheikh Hasina | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Bangladesh | 2009 | present | 14 years | ||||||||
| François Duvalier | Template:Nts<ref name="Greene 2001">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Greene 2001"/> | Template:Nts | Haiti | 1957 | 1971 | 14 years | Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Template:Nowrap, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more.Template:Citation needed | |||||||
| Hissène Habré | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Chad | 1982 | 1990 | 8 years | In May 2016, Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.<ref name="the Economist">Template:Cite news</ref> | |||||||
| Communist rule in Cuba, various leaders | Template:Nts<ref name="cuba">"It has so far verified the names of 9,240 victims of the Castro regime and the circumstances of their deaths. Archive researchers meticulously insist on confirming stories of official murder from two independent sources. Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10."</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="cuba"/> | Template:Nts | Cuba | 1976 | present | 42 years | Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution.<ref name="cidh.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="Castro sued over alleged torture">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> See also: Human rights in Cuba | |||||
| French First Republic, various leaders | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | France | 1792 | 1799 | 7 years | See also: Reign of Terror | |||||||
| Maximiliano Hernández Martínez | Template:Nts<ref name="ucsd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="ucsd"/> | Template:Nts | El Salvador | 1931 | 1944 | 12 years | 10,000–40,000 killed in La Matanza | ||||||
| Nicolás Maduro | Template:NtshAlmost 18,000<ref name="Maduro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:NtshAlmost 18,000 | Template:NtshAlmost 18,000 | Venezuela | 2016 | present | 5 years | |||||||
| Ferdinand Marcos | Template:Nts<ref name="6J6Ya">Rachel A.G. Reyes, "Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985", manilatimes.net, April 12, 2016.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Yht67">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts | Philippines | 1965 | 1986 | 21 years | The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the Moro conflict. | |||||||
| Tomás de Torquemada | Template:Nts<ref name="Op7O9">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="3xbCO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Spanish Empire | 1480 | 1498 | 18 years | Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those burned at the stake, whereas the maximum death toll also includes those who died from hunger and torture. | ||||||
| Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping | Template:Nts<ref name=Amnesty2013>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name=Jay>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=HMH>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=MW>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | China | 1993 | present | 28 years | See also: Persecution of Falun Gong, 2008 Tibetan unrest | |||
| Communist rule in Poland, various leaders | Template:Nts<ref name="bNo9Z">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Communist Poland | 1945 | 1989 | 44 years | See also: Communist repression in Poland | ||||||
| Communist rule in Hungary, Various leaders | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="communistkills"/> | Template:Nts | Hungary | 1948 | 1956 | 8 years | Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies.<ref name="bideleux476">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="crampton267">Template:Harvnb</ref> See also: Communist repression in Hungary | |||||||
| Enver Hoxha | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Albania | 1941 | 1985 | 44 years | ||||||||
| Grégoire Kayibanda | Template:NtsTemplate:Sfn | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Rwanda | 1962 | 1973 | 11 years | Reprisals against Tutsis during the Rwandan Revolution | |||||||
| Tiberius | Template:Nts<ref name="romnec">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ancient Rome | 14 | 37 | 23 years | |||||||
| Caligula | Template:Nts<ref name="romnec"/> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ancient Rome | 37 | 41 | 4 years | ||||||||
| Johnny Paul Koroma | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Sierra Leone | 1997 | 1998 | 1 year | ||||||||
| Nero | Template:Nts<ref name="romnec"/> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ancient Rome | 54 | 68 | 14 years | ||||||||
| Communist rule in East Germany, various leaders | Template:Nts<ref name="thelocal.de">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref>University of Hawaii: RJ rummel 20th century democide</ref> | Template:Nts | East Germany<ref name="thelocal.de"/> | 1949<ref name="thelocal.de"/> | 1989<ref name="thelocal.de"/> | 40 years | See also: Berlin Wall deaths | ||||||
| Fulgencio Batista | 1,000<ref>Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). Exploring Revolution: Essays on Latin American Insurgency and Revolutionary Theory. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other Batista critics during the war itself."</ref> | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
4,472 | Cuba | 1952 | 1959 | 7 years | |||||||
| Muammar Gaddafi | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Libya | 1979 | 2011 | 42 years |
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="CNN libya death">Template:Cite news</ref>
|
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> to 6,800<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||||
| Jean-Bédel Bokassa | Template:Nts<ref name="Papa in the Dock">Papa in the Dock Time magazine</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Central African Republic | 1966 | 1976 | 10 years | It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 schoolchildren.<ref name="Papa in the Dock"/> | |||||||
| Claudius | Template:Nts<ref name="romnec"/> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ancient Rome | 41 | 54 | 13 years | ||||||||
| Park Chung Hee | Template:Nts<ref name="DW.COM">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="University of Hawaii System 2013b">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | South Korea | 1961 | 1979 | 18 years | See also: South Korea in the Vietnam War, Brothers Home. Low estimate includes estimates for the Brothers Home, the Binh Tai Massacre, the Bình An/Tây Vinh massacre, the Bình Hòa massacre, and the Hà My massacre. | |||||
| Chun Doo Hwan | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | South Korea | 1981 | 1988 | 8 years | See also: Kwangju incident, Brothers Home |
Political purges
This section lists events that entail the mass killings of political opposition (such as those of certain ideology, class or political persuasion).{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
See also: Red Terror (disambiguation), White Terror, and Politicide.
| Event | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/> | Location | From | Until | Duration | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong | Template:Nts<ref name="fmom1">Teiwes, Frederic. "Establishment of the New Regime". In Twitchett, Denis; John K. Fairbank; Roderick MacFarquhar (eds.). The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. Template:ISBN. Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2008-08-23. "For a careful review of the evidence and a cautious estimate of 200,000 to 800,000 executions, see Benedict Stavis, The Politics of Agricultural Mechanization in China (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 25–30.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="rummellandlords">Rummel, Rudolph J. (2007). China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900. Transaction Publishers. p. 223. Template:ISBN.</ref> | Template:Nts | People's Republic of China | 1947 | 1951 | 5 years | Millions of landlords were allegedly killed during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies.<ref name="Rummel223">Template:Cite book</ref> See also: Struggle session | |||
| Cultural Revolution | Template:Nts<ref name="Maurice Meisner 1999 354">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="XJg9O">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | People's Republic of China | 1966 | 1976 | 10 years | The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. See also: Struggle session | ||
| Dekulakization | Template:Nts<ref>Hildermeier, Die Sowjetunion, p. 38 f.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref>Robert Conquest (1986) The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.</ref> | Template:Nts | Ukraine, USSR | 1917 | 1933 | 16 years | Initial phase part of: Red terror Final phase part of: Collectivization | |||
| Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 | Template:Nts<ref name="d49v0">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="R6GvB">Indonesia's killing fields Template:Webarchive. Al Jazeera, December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2016. Template:Cite book "Blumenthal80">Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Template:Webarchive Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; Template:ISBN, p. 80.</ref> |
Template:Nts | Indonesia | 1965 | 1966 | 1 year | Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965–66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="6TfYV">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Death tolls are difficult to estimate,<ref name="0xjiR">Template:Cite journal</ref> but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed.<ref name="90RVn">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
| Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries | Template:Nts<ref name="Yang Kuisong">Template:Cite journal Template:Subscription required summary at China Change blog</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="iAGsb">Maurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition, Free Press, 1999. Template:ISBN, p. 72: "...the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People's Republic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information." Template:Cite book "Mao's Killing Quotas">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | People's Republic of China | 1950 | 1951 | 1 year | The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (Template:Zh or abbreviated as Template:Zh) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.<ref name="Yang Kuisong"/> | ||
| Great Purge | Template:Nts<ref name="AnLK6">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="AW-C">Wielka czystka by Alexander Weissberg-Cybulski, Template:ISBN</ref> | Template:Nts | Soviet Union | 1936 | 1938 | 2 years | The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution (especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system.Template:Citation needed | |||
| White Terror (Spain) | Template:Nts<ref name="7czdj">Julián Casanova, Francisco Espinosa, Conxita Mir, Francisco Moreno Gómez. "Morir, matar, sobrevivir. La violencia en la dictadura de Franco", Editorial Crítica. Barcelona, Spain. 2002. p. 8.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="dcjln">Michael Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936–1945, Cambridge University Press. 1998. p. 11.</ref> | Template:Nts | Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War | 1936 | 1945 | 9 years | In Spain, the White Terror (also known as "la Represión Franquista" or the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 – April 1, 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (October 1, 1936 – November 20, 1975)<ref name="beevor">Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2006), pp. 89–94.</ref> | |||
| Qey Shibir | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="boSU6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | 1977 | 1978 | 1 year | Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia.<ref name="abqyR">Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988).</ref><ref name="ANEiL">Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996)</ref><ref name="9qDzc">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="US admits helping Mengistu escape">Riccardo Orizio, US admits helping Mengistu escape, BBC, December 22, 1999.</ref><ref name="HqPaj">Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators, p. 151.</ref> | ||
| Bodo League massacre | Template:Nts<ref name="o5DdN">Paul M. Edwards, Historical Dictionary of the Korean War, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 32, entry "Bodo League Massacre"</ref> | Template:NtsTemplate:Sfn | Template:Nts | Korea | 1950 | 1950 | ? | Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of Korean War. | |||
| German suppression of the Freemasons | Template:Nts<ref name="holocaust">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="holocaust"/> | Template:Nts | German-occupied territory | 1933 | 1945 | 12 years | The Nazi regime of Germany targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy. | |||
| Red Terror | Template:Nts<ref name="9LftC">Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. p. 114; Template:ISBN</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="szaszdi">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War | 1918 | 1922 | 4 years | Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. | |||
| White Terror (Russia) | Template:Nts<ref name="WRgcf">Rinke, Stefan; Wildt, Michael (2017). Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective. Campus Verlag. p. 58. Template:ISBN.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="MNTlX">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Former Russian Empire | 1917 | 1923 | 6 years | Political repression by the White movement during the Russian Civil War. | |||
| 1991 Iraqi uprisings | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Iraq | March the 1st, 1991 | April the 5th, 1991 | 1 month and 4 days | The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.<ref name="INwf9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| Operation Condor | Template:Nts<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
Template:Nts | South America | 1975 | 1983 | 8 years | A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States.<ref name="McSherry">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="bGKbL">Template:Cite book</ref> | |||
| Red Terror (Spain) | Template:Nts<ref name="u8n9c">Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Dela">de la Cueva, Julio, "Religious Persecution", Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 198, pp. 355–69. Template:JSTOR</ref> | Template:Nts | Spain during the Spanish Civil War | 1936 | 1939 | 3 years | The Red Terror in Spain (Template:Langx)<ref name="qHIu6">Julian Casanova, Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp. 105–06, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010; Template:ISBN</ref> is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".<ref name="lIe7u">Beevor, Antony (2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 81.</ref> | |||
| Land Reform in Vietnam | Template:Nts<ref name="lib.washington.edu">Moise, pp. 205–22; "Newly released documents on the land reform", Vietnam Studies Group. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref>||Template:Nts<ref name="paulbogdanor.com">Lam Thanh Liem (2005), "Ho Chi Minh's Land Reform: Mistake or Crime" Template:Webarchive. Retrieved October 4, 2015.</ref> |
Template:Nts | North Vietnam | 1954 | 1956 | 2 years | ||||
| Reign of Terror | Template:Nts<ref name="kCzkQ">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts<ref name="Ha7ux">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | France during the French Revolution | 1793 | 1794 | 1 year | The Reign of Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".Template:Citation needed | |
| 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="PtKh8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | El Salvador | January 22, 1932 | July 11, 1932 | 6 months and 20 days | Many of the victims were indigenous people. | ||
| February 28 incident | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Taiwan | 1947 | 1947 | 1 day | Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror (Taiwan) era. | |||
| Dirty War | Template:Nts<ref name="9GYTl">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="McSherry"/> | Template:Nts | Argentina | 1976 | 1983 | 7 years | At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).<ref name="McSherry"/> | |||
| Red and White terrors of the Finnish Civil War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Finland | 1918 | 1918 | 3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days | Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.<ref name="Yh2Wi">Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb</ref> | |||
| 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Iran | 1988 | 1988 | 5 months | Massacre of political prisoners in Iran.<ref name="amnesty">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="sKU0q">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="sCnhh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| 1982 Hama massacre | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Hama, Syria | February 2, 1982 | February 28, 1982 | 26 days | The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government.Template:Citation needed | |||
| White Terror (Taiwan) | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Taiwan | 1949 | 1987 | 38 years | An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 were imprisoned, and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang.Template:Citation needed | |||
| Extermination of the Patriotic Union party | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Colombia | 1984 | 1994 | |||||
| Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Chile | 1974 | 1990 | 16 years | 1,200 to 3,200 alleged communists were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.<ref name="RDHm4">Template:In lang English translation of the Rettig Report</ref><ref name="latinamericanstudies.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| 1989 Tiananmen Square protests crackdown | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="ttBRp">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts | Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China | 1989 | 1989 | 1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days | Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China. |
Prisons, concentration and extermination camps
This section lists deaths that occurred in particular prisons, concentration and/or extermination camps, deaths are from both the conditions within the camps and from the active murder/execution of prisoners.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
| Event | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/> | Location | From | Until | Duration | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auschwitz concentration camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Oświęcim, Poland | 1940 | 1945 | 5 years | <ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="5uPwu">Wellers, Georges. "Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp)", Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–59.</ref><ref name="FT1Zh">Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates Template:Webarchive, vex.net. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</ref> | ||
| Treblinka extermination camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Treblinka, Poland | 1942 | 1943 | 1 year | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="ea">Encyclopedia Americana</ref> | |
| Belzec extermination camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Bełżec, Poland | 1942 | 1943 | 1 year | <ref name="witte-tyas">Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol 15, No. 3, Winter 2001; Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="wtIZl">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="arad">Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987; NCR 0-253-34293-7</ref> | ||
| Kolyma | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Kolyma, Soviet Union | 1932 | 1954 | 22 years | <ref name="9UFMW">Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism. Retrieved January 18, 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved January 19, 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the Boston Globe, June 22, 2005, Kolyma.</ref> | ||
| Jasenovac concentration camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Independent State of Croatia | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | <ref name="JUSP">Official website of the Jasenovac Memorial Site</ref>Template:Sfn | ||
| Stutthof concentration camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Stutthof, Poland | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | See also: Nazi Germany | ||
| Stara Gradiška concentration camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Independent State of Croatia | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="kovacic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| Tuol Sleng | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Phnom Penh, Cambodia | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | <ref name="dccam-history-of-dk">Template:Cite book</ref> | ||
| Camp Sumter | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Andersonville, Georgia, United States | 1864 | 1865 | 1 year | <ref name="vIQQB">The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, by General N.P. Chipman, 1911.</ref> | ||
| Sednaya Prison | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR)">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts | Saidnaya, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Syria | 2011 | unknown | over 10 years<ref name="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR)"/> | Military prison used to torture and execute Syrian opposition to the Assad regime. | ||
| Crveni Krst concentration camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Niš, Serbia | 1941 | 1944 | 3 years | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| Topovske Šupe concentration camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Belgrade, Serbia | 1941 | 1941 | 4 months | Template:Sfn | ||
| Banjica concentration camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Belgrade, Serbia | 1941 | 1944 | 4 years | Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn | ||
| Fort Dimanche | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Port-au-Prince, Haiti | 1957 | 1986 | 30 years | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| Tammisaari prison camp | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Ekenäs, Finland | 1918 | 1918 | 4 months | |||
| Elmira Prison | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Elmira, New York, U.S. | 1864 | 1865 | 1 year | <ref name="dlRmh">Template:Cite book</ref> | ||
| Shark Island concentration camp | Template:Nts | Template:NtsTemplate:Sfn | Template:Nts | Luderitz, German South-West Africa | 1905 | 1907 | 2 years | The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the Luderitz area. | ||
| Goli Otok prison | Template:Nts<ref name="YvCK9">Previšić, Martin (February 2015). "Broj kažnjenika na Golom otoku i drugim logorima za informbirovce u vrijeme sukoba sa SSSR-om (1948.-1956.)" [The Number of Convicts on Goli Otok and other Internment Camps during the Informbiro period (1948–1956)] (PDF). Historijski zbornik (in Croatian). 66 (1): 173–193. Retrieved 27 July 2018. p.190</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="DTNBk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Goli Otok, Yugoslavia | 1949 | 1956 | 8 years |
Riots and political unrest
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Riots and incidents where at least 1,000 people died are listed here.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
Anthropogenically exacerbated disasters
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
Disease and famine Template:Anchor
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} This section includes famines and disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action.
Note: Some of these famines and diseases were partially caused by nature.
| Event | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/> | Location | From | Until | Duration | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Death | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts | Asia, Europe, North Africa | 1347 | 1351 | 4 years | During the siege of Caffa in today's Crimea, one of the first documented cases of biological warfare spread the disease to the city which then led to the spread of the disease in Europe, and from Europe to North Africa and the Middle-East.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Harrison, Dick">Harrison, Dick, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Ordfront, Stockholm, 2000 Template:ISBN</ref> | ||
| All famines in India under British influence | Template:Nts<ref name="Famine in India during British Rule">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Famine in India during British Rule"/> | Template:Nts | India | 1757 | 1947 | 190 years | Between 12 and 51 million Indians (or even more) died of starvation while India was under British rule (East India Company and British Raj). Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged.<ref name="Famine in India during British Rule"/> | ||
| Indian famine of 1896–1897 and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="yerFR">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts | British India | 1896 | 1900 | 4 years | ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts. | ||
| Great Chinese Famine | Template:Nts<ref>Template:Citation</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="wemheuer">Template:Cite journal on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million</ref> | Template:Nts | China | 1958 | 1962 | 4 years | During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.<ref name="beckerxi">Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, Holt Paperbacks, p. xi.</ref> State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.<ref name="7zdwD">Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62, Walker & Company, 2010. p. 298.</ref> | ||
| Famine and disease caused by Japanese imperialism | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Japanese Empire | 1937 | 1945 | 8 years | Combined death tolls from famine and disease from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines. | ||
| Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 | Template:NtsTemplate:Citation needed | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | China | 1876 | 1879 | 3 years | ENSO famine. | ||
| Great Bengal famine of 1770 | Template:Nts<ref name="Sen">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Sen"/> | Template:Nts | British Bengal | 1769 | 1773 | 4 years | The famine killed a third of the Bengali population at the time.<ref name="Jonsson2013p167">Template:Cite book</ref> It is attributed to the policies of the ruling British East India Company.<ref name="Jonsson2013p167"/> | ||
| Great Famine of 1876–1878 | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="hejwv">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | British India | 1876 | 1878 | 2 years | ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts. | ||
| Russian famine of 1921–22 | Template:Nts<ref name="stanford">"How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine Template:Webarchive", Stanford University. April 4, 2011.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="stanford"/> | Template:Nts | Soviet Russia | 1921 | 1922 | 1 year | May have been exacerbated by War Communism policies, but it is debatable to which extent.
See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Russian Civil War, with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka. | ||
| Famine and disease caused by the Second Sino-Japanese War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | China | 1937 | 1945 | 8 years | See also: World War II casualties. | ||
| Soviet famine of 1932–33 | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Soviet Union | 1932 | 1933 | 1 year | The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations, including Ukraine, regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine, known as the Holodomor.
1.8 – 4.8 million: Ukraine 600,000 – 2.3 million: Kazakhstan 2 million: Elsewhere | ||
| Famine and disease caused by World War I | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Worldwide | 1914 | 1918 | 4 years | See also: World War I casualties. | ||
| Famine and disease caused by the Second Congo War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Africa | 1998 | 2004 | 6 years | Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease. | ||
| Iranian famine of 1917–1919 | Template:Nts<ref name="UZia9">Katouzian 2013, p. 1934: "Russian Revolution of 1917 brought much relief to Iran after a century of imperial interference and intimidation. But it was followed by severe famine and the Spanish flu pandemic which, combined, took a high toll of around two million, mostly of the Iranian poor."</ref><ref name="YmljV">Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="7lRDx">Winegard 2016, p. 85: "Between 1917 and 1919, it is estimated that nearly half (nine to eleven million people) of the Persian population died of starvation or disease brought on by malnutrition."</ref><ref name="8XBvG">Majd 2003, p. 72: "According to the American Charge d'Affaires, Wallace Smith Murray, this famine had claimed one-third of Iran's population. A famine that even according to British sources as General Dunsterville, Major Donohoe, and General Sykes had claimed vast numbers of Iranians".</ref> | Template:Nts | Iran | 1917 | 1919 | 3 years | The Persian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in Persia (Iran). The famine took place in the occupied territory of Iran that had declared neutrality. According to the estimates acknowledged, 2–10 million people died of hunger and disease. A variety of factors are commented to have caused and contributed to the famine such as war profiteering, and poor harvests but mainly requisitioning and confiscation of foodstuffs by the occupying Russian and British armies.<ref name="JhXe3">Majd 2003, p. 40. In the matter of tough custom regulations, Majd mentions incidents of unsuccessful importation of foodstuff recorded by the American embassy. He also refers to a letter by an American official saying "for the last two years practically all the importations have ceased"</ref><ref name="5WnPe">Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."</ref> | ||
| Famine and disease caused by Decommunization | Template:Nts+<ref name="RucQM">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts+ | Template:Nts+ | Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc | 1991 | 2000 | 9 years | Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union. | |
| Bengal famine of 1943 | Template:NtsTemplate:Citation needed | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | British India | 1943 | 1944 | 1 year | The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports,<ref name="uWE2N">Nicholas Tarling (ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp. 139–40</ref> however, war-related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll.<ref name="CpJEB">Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II.</ref><ref name="2zJXF">Book review: Churchill's secret war in India, southasiarev.wordpress.com, April 12, 2011.</ref> | ||
| Blockade of Biafra | Template:Nts<ref name="Laad4">Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="ThreeMil">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name="kTUBk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Nts | Nigeria | 1967 | 1970 | 3 years | More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed.Template:Citation needed |
| Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies | Template:Nts<ref name="mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de">Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950", MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp. 35–38. /</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Indonesia | 1944 | 1945 | 1 year | An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.<ref name="mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de"/> | ||
| Soviet famine of 1946–1947 | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Soviet Union | 1946 | 1947 | 1 year | Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy. | ||
| Great Irish Famine | Template:Nts<ref name="dz0AY">Foster, R.F. Modern Ireland 1600–1972, Penguin Press, 1988. p. 324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no. 4 (November 1984), pp. 473–88."</ref><ref name="XhK7J">Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="hj9xl">Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978.</ref> | Template:Nts | Ireland | 1846 | 1849 | 3 years | Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland, where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food, was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors, which continue to remain the subject of historical debate.<ref name="dVwjn">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="3ZXx5">Template:Cite book</ref> | ||
| Vietnamese famine of 1945 | Template:Nts<ref name="sisGF">Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" Template:Webarchive. Population and Development Review (December 1995).</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="indochina">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts | Vietnam | 1944 | 1945 | 1 year | The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.<ref name="indochina"/> | ||
| Cambodian Holocaust Famine | Template:Nts<ref name="duz79">Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="8llVP">Marek Sliwiński (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, p. 82.</ref> | Template:Nts | Cambodia | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | An estimated 2 million Cambodians died as the result of murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979. | ||
| 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia | Template:Nts<ref name="famines">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Sm93w">"Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine", BBC News, April 6, 2000.</ref> | Template:Nts | Ethiopia | 1983 | 1985 | 2 years | The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, especially the one of 1983–1985, were in large part created by government policies.<ref name="famines"/> | ||
| Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Philippines | 1942 | 1945 | 3 years | See also: World War I casualties. | ||
| North Korean famine | Template:Nts<ref name="Spoorenberg, Thomas pp. 133–158">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="Spoorenberg, Thomas pp. 133–158"/> | Template:Nts | North Korea | 1994 | 1998 | 4 years | The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.<ref name="Spoorenberg, Thomas pp. 133–158"/><ref name="goodkind-2011">Template:Cite journal</ref> | ||
| Cuban War of Independence Famine | Template:Nts | Template:Nts<ref name="UP8OD">Sheina, Robert L., Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 (2003)</ref><ref name="IoenA">COWP: Correlates of War Project, University of Michigan.</ref> | Template:Nts | Cuba | 1895 | 1898 | 3 years | Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease. | ||
| Famine in the Tigray War (Plus lack of medical care) | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Tigray, Ethiopia | 2020 | present | 3 years | Belgium's Ghent University's 2022 estimates put the number of dead at due to the war at 300,000 to 500,000 including 50,000 to 100,000 deaths from fighting, 150,000 to 200,000 deaths due to famine and 100,000 deaths from lack of medical attention.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| Bangladesh famine of 1974 | Template:Nts[1] | Template:Nts[2] | Template:Nts | Bangladesh | April 1974 | December 1974 | 8 months | Severe rainfall and consequent floods of the Brahmaputra river caused bad harvests, coupled with completely unprepared government policies, brought to the death of millions of Bangladeshis (mostly in the Rangpur region) during the famine and consequent high mortality rates after the end of the crisis (estimated 450 thousand people died because of diseases and weakened immunity systems). | ||
| Great Famine of Mount Lebanon | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Empire | 1915 | 1918 | 3 years | Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000.<ref name="ziVnQ">Harris 2012, p.174</ref> The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets, and people were reported to be eating street animals, while some resorted to cannibalism.<ref name="TN">Template:Cite news</ref> | ||
| 1998 Sudan famine | Template:Nts<ref name="8qqEg">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Sudan | 1998 | 1998 | ? | The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.<ref name="CNN despite">"Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily", CNN. Retrieveded May 25, 2006.</ref> | ||
| Famine in Yemen (2016–present) | Template:Nts children<ref name="FamYemBBC">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Nts children<ref name="FamYemBBC"/> | Template:Nts children<ref name="FamYemBBC"/> | Yemen | 2016 | present | 2 years | The famine was triggered by Saudi Arabia's intervention into the Yemeni Civil War, which is backed by Western powers including the United States.<ref name="FEARU">Template:Cite news</ref> Around 13 million people, or roughly half of the country's population, is facing starvation in what the UN calls "the worst famine in the world in 100 years".<ref name="RtUvY">Template:Cite news</ref> |
Floods and landslides Template:Anchor
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
Other
Human sacrifice and suicide
This section lists deaths from the practice of human sacrifice or suicide. {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}
| Event | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180"/> | Location | From | Until | Duration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human sacrifice in Aztec culture | Template:Nts<ref name="wcuSY">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="ufzbX">Template:Cite book</ref> | Template:Nts | Mexico | Template:Ntsh14th century | Template:Nts | 200 years | Skull racks: 60,000<ref name="oBf9L">Ruben Mendoza (2007) pp. 407–08.</ref> to 136,000<ref name="bVs0O">Harner (1977) p. 122</ref> See also: Aztecs |
| Suicide bombings during the Iraq War | Template:Nts | Template:Nts+<ref name="2bSRZ">Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Nts | Iraq | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 16 years | See also: Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) and Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) |
| Human sacrifice in Shang dynasty China | Template:Nts<ref name="qecrV">National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | China | Template:Ntsh1300 BCE | Template:Ntsh1050 BCE | 250 years | Last 250 years of rule |
| Sati ritual suicides | Template:Nts<ref name="White-SelectedDeathTolls">Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p. 2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).</ref> |
Template:Nts | Template:Nts | India | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 13 years | |
| Kamikaze suicide pilots | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG68">This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).</ref> | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG68"/> | Template:Nts<ref name="EVBTRG68"/> | Pacific theatre | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 1 year | See also: Empire of Japan |
| Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("Jonestown") | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | 1 day | Jim Jones |
| Palestinian suicide attacks | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Israel and Palestine | Template:NtshJuly 6, 1989 | Template:NtshApril 18, 2016 | 27 years | May only include victims |
See also
Other lists organized by death toll
Other lists with similar topics
- List of unusual deaths
- List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
- Lists of battles
- Lists of disasters
- Lists of earthquakes
- List of epidemics
- List of famines
- List of fires
- List of invasions
- List of tropical cyclone records
- List of riots
- List of terrorist incidents
- List of wars
- Lists of rail accidents
Topics dealing with similar themes
- Anti-communist mass killings
- Casualties of the Iraq War
- Decommunization
- Democide
- Famine
- Genocide
- Genocides in history (before World War I)
- Infectious disease
- Mass killings under communist regimes
- Mass murder
- List of battles by casualties
- United States military casualties of war
References
Footnotes
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Citations
Works cited
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