Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Citations needed Template:Infobox Chinese Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (MPS II) is a romanization system formerly used in Taiwan. It was created to replace the complex Gwoyeu Romatzyh system, which used tonal spelling—and to co-exist with the Wade–Giles romanization as well as bopomofo. It is sometimes referred to as Gwoyeu Romatzyh 2 or GR2.
History
Based on the earlier and more complex Gwoyeu Romatzyh, the tentative version of MPS II was released on May 10, 1984, by the Ministry of Education under the Chiang Ching-kuo administration. After two years of feedback from the general public, the official version was established on January 28, 1986.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> To distinguish bopomofo (Template:Zhi) from MPS II, the former is officially called "Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I" (Template:Lang).
Despite its official status for almost two decades until it was replaced by Tongyong Pinyin in 2002, MPS II existed only in some governmental publications (such as travel brochures and dictionaries). However, MPS II was not used for the official romanized names of Taiwanese places, though many road signs replaced during this period use it. It never gained the same status as did Wade–Giles. It is virtually unused overseas.
Table
Initials
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiceless | ||
| Nasal | [[Bilabial nasal|m Template:IPA]] Template:Lang m |
[[Alveolar nasal|n Template:IPA]] Template:Lang n |
||||||||
| Plosive | Unaspirated | [[Voiceless bilabial plosive|b Template:IPA]] Template:Lang b |
[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|d Template:IPA]] Template:Lang d |
[[Voiceless velar plosive|g Template:IPA]] Template:Lang g | ||||||
| Aspirated | [[Voiceless bilabial plosive|p Template:IPA]] Template:Lang p |
[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|t Template:IPA]] Template:Lang t |
[[Voiceless velar plosive|k Template:IPA]] Template:Lang k | |||||||
| Affricate | Unaspirated | [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|tz Template:IPA]] Template:Lang z |
[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|j Template:IPA]] Template:Lang zh |
[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|j Template:IPA]] Template:Lang j |
||||||
| Aspirated | [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts Template:IPA]] Template:Lang c |
[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|ch Template:IPA]] Template:Lang ch |
[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ch Template:IPA]] Template:Lang q |
|||||||
| Fricative | [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f Template:IPA]] Template:Lang f |
[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s Template:IPA]] Template:Lang s |
[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|sh Template:IPA]] Template:Lang sh |
[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|sh Template:IPA]] Template:Lang x |
[[Voiceless velar fricative|h Template:IPA]] Template:Lang h | |||||
| Liquid | [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l Template:IPA]] Template:Lang l |
[[Voiced retroflex sibilant|r Template:IPA]] Template:Lang r |
||||||||
Finals
Features
- Indication of tone by respelling, as used in Gwoyeu Romatzyh, is eliminated. Syllables are spelled like its tone one for non-nasal initials, and like tone two for nasal initials. Tone is then marked with four diacritics identical to Zhuyin's.
- The romanization of the consonants is identical to Gwoyeu Romatzyh's.
- The empty rime Template:IPA is treated in the same way as Yale romanization:
- It uses r for both:
- Template:Lang (pinyin r), and
- what is written in pinyin as i after zh, ch, sh, r. (The use of r has a tonal diacritic on it and is always final.)
- It uses z for both:
- Template:Lang (pinyin z), and
- what is written in pinyin as i after z, c, s. (The use of z has a tonal diacritic on it and is always final.)
- The z is not written after tz (no tzz), however. Tz corresponds to Pinyin zi (and Yale dz).
- It uses r for both:
- Like GR, -iou, -uen, and -uei are all written out, unlike the Pinyin/Wade -iu, -un, and -ui.
- GR's au persists, as opposed to the ao of Pinyin, Wade-Giles, and the later Tongyong Pinyin.
- GR's iu (Pinyin ü) is written as -iu and yu (alone).
- GR's -ong is spelled now -ung (like Wade-Giles).
- GR's el is spelled now er (like Pinyin).
- Y- and w- are added to or replace i and u (respectively), similarly to Gwoyeu Romatzyh and identical to Pinyin.
An example phrase, "The second type of Chinese phonetic symbols":
| Hanzi | Template:Lang |
|---|---|
| Pinyin | guóyǔ zhùyīn fúhào dì'èr shì |
| MPS II | guó-yǔ jù-yīn fú-hàu dì-èr shr̀ |
| GR | gwoyeu juh'in fwuhaw dih'ell shyh |
Spaces are generally used in place of hyphens, except in personal names, which use hyphens in between the syllables of the given names.
References
External links
- Standard Mandarin Pinyin Table The complete listing of all Pinyin syllables used in standard Mandarin, along with native speaker pronunciation for each syllable.
- Conversion chart (syllable level)
- ROC government booklet on MPS II (in English and Chinese)
- Taiwan's official romanization system: MPS2