Maranao language
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Maranao (Template:LangxTemplate:Refn; Jawi: Template:Lang), sometimes spelled as Maranaw, Meranaw, or Mëranaw, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte and their respective cities of Marawi and Iligan located in the Philippines, as well found also in Sabah, Malaysia. It is spoken among the Moros within the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.
It is more closer to Iranun than to Maguindanao within the Danao subgroup.
Distribution
Maranao is spoken in the following provinces of:
- Entire Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte
- Northwestern municipalities of Maguindanao del Norte: Barira, Buldon, Parang, Matanog, Sultan Mastura, and Sultan Kudarat
- Northwestern municipalities of Cotabato: Alamada, Banisilan, Carmen, Libungan, and Pigcawayan
- Northwestern municipalities of Bukidnon: Talakag and Kalilangan
- Small parts in the coast of Zamboanga del Sur<ref>Ethnologue</ref>
All of which are located within the island of Mindanao in southern Philippines.
Writing system
Maranao was historically written in Perso-Arabic letters called Jawi, which were known as Batang-a-Arab or Batang Arab. It is now written with Latin letters.<ref name="Omniglot">Template:Cite web</ref> Though there is no officially proclaimed standard orthography, Maranao is more or less written as influenced by contemporary Filipino conventions. The following are the letters used in writing out native words:
A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In general, double vowels are pronounced separately, for example, Template:Lang is pronounced as Template:IPA.
The final Template:IPA sound in diphthongs and "w" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "w". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe Template:IPA, which is currently spelled as "Y".
"H" is only used for Malay loanwords,<ref name="Omniglot" /> and "sh" (pronounced as Template:IPA) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as Template:Lang (Isaac).<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" />
"Di" or "j" are used to transcribe the Template:IPA sound, such as radia/Template:Lang (from the Sanskrit word for 'king', "Rāja") or the English name John.<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" />
In representing the mid central vowel (or schwa) Template:IPA, different authors have employed various means to represent this sound (e.g. "E" or "U").<ref name="Lobel 2013" /> In social media, speakers use either of the two letters or just leave it blank (e.g. Template:Lang can also be spelled Template:Lang and Template:Lang on the internet). Meanwhile, the Commission on the Filipino Language recommends spelling this sound using "Ë" for different Philippine languages in its 2013 Ortograpiyang Pambansa.
In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996,<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967">Template:Cite book</ref> the digraph "'ae" was introduced and used to represent the supposed presence of the vowel Template:IPA. However, analysis by Lobel (2009,<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b">Template:Cite journal</ref> 2013<ref name="Lobel 2013" />) showed that this may actually be an allophone of Template:IPA after hard consonants. McKaughan and Macaraya also used "q" for the glottal stop regardless of position. Diphthongs such as Template:IPA were spelled as "ao, ai, oi".
The orthography used in the study by Lobel (2009) was the one developed by Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano of Taraka (1943–2008), Senator Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto of Ramain (1914– 2002), and Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang of Tugaya (1923–2003). In this orthography, the "hard consonants" Template:IPA are written as "ph, th, kh, z".
Phonology
Below is the sound system of Maranao including underlying phonetic features.<ref name="Lobel 2013">Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Vowels
Maranao has four vowel phonemes that can become more close or higher when in certain environments (see hard consonants below).<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" /> The vowel raising effects of hard consonants may have led earlier studies to Although previous studies have analyzed the Template:IPA sound as a separate phoneme (written with ae) instead of a raised allophone of Template:IPA.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /Template:IPA link/
[[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] |
||
| Mid | /Template:IPA link/
[[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] |
/Template:IPA link/
[[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] | |
| Open | /Template:IPA link/
[[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] |
Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay.
Consonants
According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants:<ref name="Lobel 2013" />
In Maranao, Template:IPA is not phonemic word-initially<ref name="Lobel 2013" /> (similar to non-Philippine English). Hence, Template:Lang ('friend of mine') is smoothly pronounced Template:IPA.
Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially.
Orthography-wise, "r" is used for Template:IPA, "y" is used for Template:IPA, and "ng" is used for Template:IPA
Fricative [h]
According to Lobel (2013), Template:IPA only occurs in a few recent Malay loanwords:<ref name="Lobel 2013" />
- Template:Lang 'God'
- Template:Lang 'astrological sign'
- Template:Lang 'in front (of God)'
Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that entered Proto-Danao or earlier Maranao were realized as k.
- Template:Lang 'halal (anything permissible in Islam)'
- Template:Lang 'haram (anything not permissible in Islam)',
- Template:Lang 'hadji (title for a man who has made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca)'
- Template:Lang 'Hadith'
Consonant elongation
Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with a schwa Template:IPA. However, this process is not a form of gemination since consonant elongation in Maranao is not distinctive as seen in other Philippine languages such as Ilokano and Ibanag. Some of these are:
- Template:Lang Template:IPA 'get off a vehicle'
- Template:Lang Template:IPA 'startled; surprised'
Hard consonants and vowel raising
Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants,<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Lobel 2013" /> these four "heavy" consonants being Template:IPA. Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position.
There are four possible environments for that determine whether the vowel will be raised or not:
- Non-raising – Template:IPA
- Obligatory raising – Template:IPA
- Template:Lang is pronounced as Template:IPA instead of Template:IPA
- Optional raising – Template:IPA
- Evidenced by some younger speakers writing Template:Lang as Template:Lang.
- Transparent – Template:IPA – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel.
Similar vowel raising can be also found in Madurese.
Historical development
Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: *-gp- > *-bp-).
A study by Allison<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: *bp > *p), but preserved elsewehere.
Lobel<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" /> noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (*Template:IPA > Template:IPA). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way in Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon, but without the vowel-raising.
| Proto-Greater Central Philippine | Proto-Danao | Maguindanaon | Maranao |
|---|---|---|---|
| *-gp-, *-dp-, *-bp- | *-bp- | -bp- | -ph- |
| *-gt-, *-dt-, *-bt- | *-dt- | -dt- | -th- |
| *-gs-, *-ds-, *-bs- | *-ds- | -ds- | -z- [sʰ] |
| *-gk-, *-dk-, *-bk- | *-gk- | -gk- | -kh- |
Grammar
Case markers
In contrast to Tagalog which has three case markers (Template:Lang), and Iloko which has two (Template:Lang), Maranao has four: (Template:Lang).
| Common | Personal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Indefinite | Definite | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative
(Subject) |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Ergative
(Direct Object) |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Oblique/Locative
(Benefactor/Location) Genitive (Possessive) |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
Curiously, the Template:Lang is indefinite in Maranao, whereas it is definite/specific in Cebuano and Tagalog.
Pronouns
Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to the word/morpheme before it.<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
| Meaning | Nominative
(free) |
Nominative
(bound) |
Genitive/Ergative
(bound) |
Oblique
(free) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| you (singular) | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:LangTemplate:Efn-la | Template:Lang |
| he/she/it | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| we (dual) | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| we (including you) | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| we (excluding you) | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| you (plural) | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| they | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
Common words
Below are common words found in Maranao sentences, their translations in English, Cebuano, and Tagalog, and similar words in distant Philippine languages.
| Maranao | Cebuano | Tagalog | Other PH regional language or dialect | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | is | |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | ampa (Tausug) | then |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | that is | |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | piece | |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang (Kinaray-a) | already |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | will, soon | |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | di' (Tausug) | won't, isn't |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | wala' (Tausug) | didn't |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | way/waruun (Tausug) | nothing |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | awn (Tausug), adda (Ilocano) | there is... |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang (Bikol-Naga) | it is such | |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | iban (Tausug) | and |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang | atawa (Tausug) | or |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang | sa'/sagawa'/saga'/ malayngkan (Tausug) | however, but |
| Template:Lang | dili pud, dili sab | hindi rin | bukun isab/bukun sab (Tausug) | nor (?) |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | katān (Tausug) | all |
| imanto | karon | ngayon | bihaun (Tausug) | now |
| oway | oo | oo/opo | huun (Tausug) | yes |
| sabap | tungod, kay | dahil, kasi | sabab, kalna' or karna' (Tausug) | because |
| seda | isda | isda | ista' (Tausug) | fish |
| sapi' | baka | baka | sapi' (Maguindanaon & Tausug) | cow |
| pagari | igsuon | kapatid | langgung, taymanghud (Tausug) | sibling |
| bago | bag-o | bago | bagu (Tausug), baro (Ilocano) | new |
| tahon | tuig | taon | tahun (Tausug) | year |
| koda' | kabayo | kabayo | kura' (Tausug) | horse |
| sorab | suwab | talim | sulab (Tausug) | blade |
| doniya' | kalibotan | mundo | duniya' (Tausug) | world |
| dalendeg | dalugdog | kulog | dawgdug (Tausug) | thunder |
| sorga' | langit | langit | sulga' (Tausug) | heaven |
| narka', diyahanam | impyerno | impyerno | nalka'/narka', jahanam (Tausug) | hell |
| mataed | nindot, tsada | maganda | malingkat (Tausug) | nice, elegant |
| otin | utin, tintin | titi, uten | utin (Tausug) | male genitalia, penis |
| papanok | langgam | ibon | manuk-manuk (Tausug) | bird |
| diyandi' | kasabotan, saad | kasunduuan, pangako | janji' (Tausug) | agreement, promise |
| ngaran | ngalan | ngalan/pangalan | ngān (Tausug)
nagan (Ilocano) |
name |
Sample texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Maranao:
Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color. Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color
Cebuano:
Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color. Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color
Tagalog:
Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color. Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color
English:
Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color. Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color Template:Font color
Noun phrases
These phrases were taken from Alonto's<ref name="Alonto et al. 2009" /> Maranao Drills.
Legend: Template:Font color, Template:Font color, Template:Font color, Template:Font color, Template:Font color
Time and Space
Verbs and Time
Negatives
Manga, A, Aden, Da
Object-focus Sentences
See also
References
External links
- Bansa.org Template:Webarchive, Maranao Dictionary
- Maranao at Omniglot
- Maranao at Wiktionary
- The files for a Maranao lexical database with English glosses are archived with Kaipuleohone Template:Hdl
- SEAlang Library Maranao Resources
- SIL Philippines Maranao - English Dictionary
Template:Philippine languages Template:Languages of the Philippines Template:Languages of Malaysia Template:Authority control