Tausug language

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Tausūg (Template:Lang, Template:Lang,<ref name="Bangahan2015">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Langx, Template:Langx) is an Austronesian language spoken in the province of Sulu in the Philippines and in the eastern area of the state of Sabah, Malaysia. It is widely spoken in the Sulu Archipelago (Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, and Basilan), the Zamboanga Peninsula (Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga City), southern Palawan, Malaysia (eastern Sabah), and Indonesia (Tarakan City and Nunukan Regency, province of North Kalimantan).

Tausūg has some lexical similarities or near similarities with Surigaonon language of the provinces Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, and Agusan del Sur and with the Butuanon language of Agusan del Norte; it has also some vocabulary similarities with Sugbuanon, Bicolano, and with other Philippine languages.<ref name="Bangahan2015" /> Many Malay and Arabic words are found in Tausug language.

Nomenclature

In English, the language is primarily known as Tausug (i.e., Tausug language). The local name of the language is bahasa Sūg or Sinūg. The term Tausūg (Template:Lang, meaning "people of Sulu") is derived from two words: tau ("person") and Sūg<ref name="haskins">Template:Cite book</ref>

Template:Lang is the modern form of the older term Template:Lang (meaning "[sea] currents"), which was also the old name of the island of Jolo. It is derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sələg (“flowing water, current”), and is a cognate of Cebuano Template:Lang, Tagalog Template:Lang, and Malay Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Classification

Template:Expand section Tausūg is an Austronesian language. It is classified by linguists as being a member of the Bisayan languages family, which includes Cebuano and Waray.<ref name="Zorc">Template:Cite book</ref> In particular, it has many similarities with the Surigaonon language of the provinces Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur and Agusan del Sur and with the Butuanon language of Agusan del Norte<ref name="Zorc" /> – both spoken in northeastern Mindanao; hence, Zorc (1977) groups these three languages as part of a "South Bisayan" grouping.

Speakers

Template:Expand section Tausūg is primarily spoken in the Sulu Archipelago, which aside from the island of Sulu, also includes the Tawi-Tawi chain of islands and the island of Basilan. It is a lingua franca spoken in different areas/islands of the archipelago.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Due to migration, the language is also spoken alongside other local languages in the Zamboanga Peninsula (e.g., Cebuano and Chavacano), which includes the provinces of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga City. It is also spoken in Southern Palawan, Eastern Sabah, Malaysia and in Tarakan City and Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Phonology

Vowels

Tausūg has three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, /u/, with phonemic length (e.g. īpun, "shrimp" vs. ipun, "tooth"). Stress is not phonemic and usually occurs on the final syllable.Template:Sfnp

The vowel phonemes have a broad range of allophones:<ref name="Tan1967" />

• /a/: Template:IPA
• /i/: Template:IPA
• /u/: Template:IPA

Tausūg has expectedly developed some variations in accent and vocabulary from one area to another, but there are two basic dialects characterized by differences with regard to vowel sounds. The "Gimbahanun" (literally means people from the farm) speakers, the residents of the out-of-town rural areas, use four vowels: /a/, /i/, /u/ and /ə/,Template:Sfnp the last vowel representing schwa sound or "obscure u", a retention from Proto-Philippine and Proto-Bisayan. The "Parianun", the residents of the urban areas, use only three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, /u/,;Template:Sfnp the loss of /ə/ is common in many Bisayan and other Philippine languages.

Consonants

The consonant phonemes are:Template:Sfnp

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Plosive Affricate	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link
Fricative		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
Approximant			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link
Trill			Template:IPA link

Allophones:<ref name="Tan1967">Template:Harvp</ref>

• /b/: per default Template:IPA, but Template:IPA between vowels
• /g/: per default Template:IPA, but Template:IPA between vowels
• /h/: per default Template:IPA, but Template:IPA between vowels
• /r/: per default Template:IPA, but Template:IPA before /m,n,g,k/

Medial gemination (of all non-glottal consonants) is phonemic.<ref name="Tan1967" />

Grammar

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Tausūg has three pronoun sets:Template:Sfnp<ref name="cameron"/>

			nominative		genitive		oblique
1st person	singular		Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic
	dual		Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic
	plural	exclusive	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic
		inclusive	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic
2nd person	singular		Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic
	plural		Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic
3rd person	singular		Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic
	plural		Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Lang	Template:Script/Arabic

Case markers

The case markers of Tausūg are:Template:Sfnp

	nominative	genitive	oblique
common	in	sin	ha
	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic
proper singular	hi		kan
	Template:Script/Arabic		Template:Script/Arabic
proper plural	hinda'		kanda'
	Template:Script/Arabic		Template:Script/Arabic

Non-subject undergoers take the oblique marker when definite or a proper noun, but indefinite common nouns take the genitive marker sin.

• Hi Nasul in kimaun ha mampallam. Template:Script/Arabic
  • "It was Nasul who ate the mango."
• Nagdakdak sin baju' in manga bujang. Template:Script/Arabic
  • "The maidens washed clothes."

Existentials

The positive existential ("there is") is aun, the negative existential ("there is none") is way.Template:Sfnp

Interrogative words

English	Tausug
Who?	Siyu?/Hisiyu?<ref name="Zorc"/>
What?	Unu?
Where?	Diin? / Hariin? / Hāin? (contracted Hariin) / Haunu? (Ha+uuu)
Why?	Mayta'? / Mahi?
When? (future)	Ku'nu?
When? (past)	Ka'nu?
How? (manner)	Biya'diin?
How many?	Pila?

Verbs

Verbs in Tausūg are inflected for focus and aspect.Template:Sfnp

	completed	progressive	contemplative	imperative
Actor focus	Template:Angbr nag- naN-	CTemplate:AngbrV- nag-CV- naN-CV-	‹um› mag- maN-	∅ ∅ paN-
Patient focus	Template:Angbr	CTemplate:AngbrV-	-un	-a
Locative focus	Template:Angbr -an	CTemplate:AngbrV- -an	-an	-i
Instrument focus	Template:Angbr	CTemplate:AngbrV-	hi-	-an

Affixes expressing ability:

	completed	progressive	contemplative
Actor focus	naka-	nakaka-	maka-
Patient focus	na-	na-CV-	ma-
Locative focus	kiya- -an	kiya-CV- -an	ka- -an
Instrument focus	kiya-	kiya-CV-	hika-

Numbers

Tausūg numerals:<ref name="Zorc"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="cameron"/>

	Tausug
1	isa / hambuuk	Template:Script/Arabic
2	duwa	Template:Script/Arabic
3	tū	Template:Script/Arabic
4	upat	Template:Script/Arabic
5	lima	Template:Script/Arabic
6	unum	Template:Script/Arabic
7	pitu	Template:Script/Arabic
8	walu	Template:Script/Arabic
9	siyam	Template:Script/Arabic
10	hangpū'	Template:Script/Arabic
11	hangpū' tag isa	Template:Script/Arabic
20	kawha'an	Template:Script/Arabic
30	katlu'an	Template:Script/Arabic
40	kapatan	Template:Script/Arabic
50	kay'man	Template:Script/Arabic
60	kanuman	Template:Script/Arabic
70	kapituwan	Template:Script/Arabic
80	kawaluwan	Template:Script/Arabic
90	kasiyaman	Template:Script/Arabic
100	hanggatus / gatus	Template:Script/Arabic
1,000	hangibu / ibu	Template:Script/Arabic
1,282	hangibu tag duwang gatus tag kawaluwan tag duwa	Template:Script/Arabic
2,000	duwa nga'ibu	Template:Script/Arabic
10,000	hangpu' nga'ibu	Template:Script/Arabic

Writing system

Tausūg is today primarily written using the Latin alphabet. Historically, it had previously been written using the Arabic alphabet. The script used was derived from Jawi used in writing the Malay language. The script is referred to as Sulat Sug

The Arabic script used to write Tausūg differs in some aspects from the script used for Arabic and in the Jawi script used for Malay.<ref name="cameron">Template:Cite book</ref>

In Sulu, there is no separate letter for [g]. Whereas in Jawi, the sound [g] is represented with the letter Template:Lang (which has a pronunciation [ɣ] in Arabic) is reserved for Arabic loanwords, and sometimes the letter Template:Lang.

In Sulu, there is no differentiation between [f] and [p]. Whereas in Jawi, the letters Template:Lang and Template:Lang are used respectively, in Sulu the letter Template:Lang is used in all instances.

For the sound [ɲ] in the final position, in Sulu, the letter Template:Lang is used whereas in Malay Jawi, the letter Template:Lang is instead used. The letter Template:Lang is associated with the sound [p] in Persian and other scripts derived from Persian. In both Malay Jawi and Sulu the letter Template:Lang/Template:Lang is used in all other positions.

For the sound [k] in the final position, in Malay Jawi, the letter Template:Lang is used, having the same form as when in initial or medial positions. In Sulu, similar to Arabic, it is customary to use Template:Lang.

Latin

Tausūg Alphabet (Bahasa Sūg Alipbā'tā')

Letter	A	B	D	G	H	I	J	K	L	M
Name	Alip	bā'	dāl	gā'	hā'	ī	jīm	kāp	lām	mīm
IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA
Letter	N	Ng	P	R	S	T	U	W	Y	'
Name	nūn	ngā'	pā'	rā'	sīn	tā'	ū	wāw	yā'	hamja
IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA	Template:IPA

Arabic

Tausūg Alphabet – Arabic Script

Character	Isolated	Initial	Medial	Final	Name
ا	ﺍ			ﺎ	alip
ب	ب	بـ	ـبـ	ـب	bā'
ت	ﺕ	ﺗ	ـﺘ	ـﺖ	tā'
ث	ث	ثـ	ـثـ	ـث	sā(thā')
پ	پ	پـ	ـپـ	ـپ	nyā'
ج	ﺝ	ﺟ	ـﺠ	ـﺞ	jīm
ح	ح	حـ	ـحـ	ـح	hā'
خ	خ	خـ	ـخـ	ـخ	khā'
چ	چ	چـ	ـچـ	ـچ	chā'
د	د			ـد	dāl
ذ	ذ			ـذ	jāl
ر	ﺭ			ـر	rā'
ز	ز			ـز	jā'
س	ﺱ	ﺳ	ـﺴ	ـﺲ	sīn
ش	ش	شـ	ـشـ	ـش	sīn
ص	ص	صـ	ـصـ	ـص	sād
ض	ض	ضـ	ـضـ	ـض	dād
ط	ط	طـ	ـطـ	ـط	tā'
ظ	ظ	ظـ	ـظـ	ـظ	lā'
ع	ع	عـ	ـعـ	ـع	'ayn
غ	ﻍ	ﻏ	ـﻐـ	ـﻎ	gayn
ڠ	ڠ	ڠـ	ـڠـ	ـڠ	ngā'
ف	ﻑ	ﻓ	ـﻔ	ـﻒ	pā'
ق	ق	قـ	ـقـ	ـق	kāp
ك	ك	كـ	ـكـ	ـك	kāp
ل	ﻝ	ﻟ	ـﻠ	ـﻞ	lām
م	ﻡ	ﻣ	ـﻤ	ـﻢ	mīm
ن	ﻥ	ﻧ	ـﻨ	ﻦ	nūn
ه	ﻩ	ﻫ	ـﻬ	ﻪ	hā'
و	ﻭ			ـو	wāw
ي	ﻱ	ﻳ	ـﻴـ	ﻲ	yā'
ء	ء			ء	hamja
أ	أ			ـأ	alip with hamja above
ﺅ	ﺅ			ـﺆ	wāw with hamja above
ئ	ئ	ئـ	ــئـ	ـئ	yā' with hamja above
لا	لا	لا	ــلا	ــلا	lām alip

Sample Texts

Below some examples of Sulu in both Latin and Arabic scripts:<ref name="cameron"/>

• Latin script:
  • Wayruun tuhan malayngkan Allāh, hi Muhammad ing (in) rasūl sin Allāh
• Arabic script
  • Template:Script/Arabic
• English translation
  • There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah

• Latin script
  • Uu kamu manga bang-sa Islam dii haka-pu'-pu' an Suug, agad tu'ud kamy sing da'akun i-ban sing tagga-hun sing parin-ta.
• Arabic script
  • Template:Script/Arabic
• English translation
  • Oh ye of Islamic race here in the Sulu Archipelago, obey ye fully the orders and prohibitions of the government.

Examples

English	Tausūg Latin Script	Tausūg Arabic Script
What is your name?	Unu in ngān mu?Template:Efn / Siyu in ngān mu?	Template:Script/Arabic
My name is Muhammad.	In ngān ku Muhammad.	Template:Script/Arabic
How are you?	Maunu-unu na kaw?	Template:Script/Arabic
I am good.	Marayaw da isab.	Template:Script/Arabic
Where is Ahmad?	Hariin hi Ahmad?	Template:Script/Arabic
He is in the house.	Yadtu siya ha bāy.	Template:Script/Arabic
Thank you!	Magsukul kaymu!	Template:Script/Arabic

Loanwords

Template:Unreferenced section Many Tausug words derive from the Arabic language.

Some examples of Arabic words in Tausug are

Tausūg Word	Meaning (Tausūg)	Arabic Word	Pronunciation	Meaning (Arabic)
Adab	manners	أدب	adab	manners
Ahirat	hereafter	آخرة	ākhirah	hereafter
Ajayb	amazing	عجيب	'ajīb	amazing
Akkal	intelligence	عقل	'Aql	intellect
Alam	universe	عالم	'ālam	world
Allāh	God (Allah)	الله	Allāh	God (Allah)
Amānat	message	أمانة	amānah	trust
Ammal	use	عمل	'amal	to make
Awal	origin	أوّل	awwal	first
Awliya	ascetic	أولياء	awliyā'	ascetics
Ayat	verse	آية	āyah	verse
Ayb	shame	عيب	'ayb	shame
Barawi	Desert robber	بدوي	badawī	bedouin
Batāl	unclean	باطل	bātil	void
Bilāl	Muezzin/caller to prayer	بلال	Bilāl	Bilal ibn Rabah
Daawa	excuse/alibi	دعوة	da'wah	invitation
Duhul	extremity	دخول	dukhūl	entrance
Daira	city	دائرة	dā'irah	area
Dayyus	cuckold	ديّوث	dayyūth	cuckold
Dunya	earth	دنيا	dunyā	world
Duwaa	prayer	دعاء	du'ā	prayer/supplication
Habal	news	خبر	khabar	news
Hadas	impurity	حدث	hadath	impurity
Hakīka	birth ritual	عقيقة	aqīqah	birth ritual
Hakīkat	truth	حقيقة	haqīqah	truth
Hatīb	speaker	خطيب	khatīb	speaker
Hawa	Eve	حواء	Hawā'	Eve
Hidāyat	announcement	هداية	hidāyah	guidance
Hikmat	wisdom	حكمة	hikmah	wisdom
Hukum	judge	حكم	hukm	ruling
Humus	alms	خمس	khums	fifth
Hutba'	sermon	خطبة	khutbah	sermon
Hurup	sound of a letter	حروف	hurūf	letters
Ibilīs	demon	إبليس	Iblīs	devil
Ihilās	sincerity	إخلاص	ikhlās	sincerity
Ijin	blessing	إذن	idhn	permission
Ilmu'	knowledge	علم	'ilm	knowledge
Imān	forbearingness	إيمان	īmān	faith
Intiha'	end	إنتهى	intihā	end
Irādat	determination	إرادة	irādah	determination
Islām	Islam	إسلام	Islām	Islam
Istigapar	to beg pardon	إستغفار	istighfār	to beg pardon
Instinja	pure	إستنجاء	istinjā'	to clean one's self
Jabūr	Psalms	زبور	zabūr	Psalms
Jāhil	foolish	جاهل	jāhil	ignorant
Jakāt	tithe	زكاة	zakāh	tithe
Jamāa	congregation	جماعة	jamā'ah	congregation
Jamān	clock	زمان	zamān	time
Janāja	bier	جنازة	janāzah	funeral
Jāt	appearance	ذات	dhāt	self
Jaytūn	olive	زيتون	zaytūn	olive
Jin	spirit	جنّ	jinn	demon
Jinā	adultery	زنا	zinā	adultery
Juba	garment	جبّة	jubbah	garment
Jubul	anus	دبر	dubr	anus
Junub	pollution	جنوب	junūb	dirty
Jurriyat	lineage	ذرية	dhurriyyah	offspring
Kahawa	coffee	قهوة	qahwah	coffee
Kāpil	disbeliever	كافر	kāfir	disbeliever
Karāmat	miracle	كرامة	karāmah	miracle
Kawwāt	power	قوّة	quwwah	force
Kubul	grave	قبور	qubūr	graves
Kudarat	Power of God	قدرة	qudrah	ability
Kulbān	sacrifice	قربان	qurbān	sacrifice
Kuppiya'	male head covering	كوفيّة	kūffiyah	kefiyyeh
Kupul	disbelief	كفز	kufr	disbelief
Lidjiki'	blessing	رزق	rizq	sustenance
Maana	meaning	معنة	ma'nah	meaning
Magrib	sunset	مغرب	maghrib	sunset
Magsukul	Thanks	شكر	shukr	thanks
Mahluk	human	مخلوق	maklūq	created
Maksud	purpose	مقصود	maqsūd	intended
Makbul	fulfilled	مقبول	maqbūl	accepted
Malak	Beautiful	ملك	malak	Angel
Maruhum	deceased	مرحوم	marhūm	deceased
Masrik	east	مشرق	mashriq	east
Matakaddam	parable	متقدّم	mutaqaddam	preceding
Mayat	corpse	ميت	mayt	dead
Mujijat	mystery	معجزة	mu'jizah	miracle
Mulid	pupil	مريد	murīd	pupil
Munapik	hypocrite	منافق	munāfiq	hypocrite
Murtad	apostate	مرتد	murtad	apostate
Muskil	uncommon	مشكل	mushkil	problem
Mustahak	lawful owner	مستحقّ	mustahaqq	deserving
Mustajab	occurred	مستجاب	mustajāb	answered
Muwallam	scholar	معلّم	mu'allim	teacher
Nabī	prophet	نبي	nabī	prophet
Najal	promise	نذر	nadhar	vow/promise
Najjis	filth	ناجس	nājis	filthy
Napas	breath	نفس	nafas	breathe
Napsu	desire	نفس	nafs	ego/desire
Nasihat	advice	نصيحة	nasīhah	advice
Paham	familiarity	فهم	fahm	understanding
Pardu'	legislation	فرض	fard	compulsory
Piil	action	فعل	fi'l	action
Pikil	think	فكر	fikr	thought
Pir'awn	Pharaoh	فرعون	fir'awn	Pharaoh
Rahmat	blessing	رحمة	rahmah	mercy
Rasūl	messenger	رسول	rasūl	messenger
Ruku'	bow	ركوع	rukū'	bowing
Rukun	precept	ركن	rukn	pillar
Sabab	because	سبب	sabab	reason/cause
Sahabat	follower	صحابة	sahābah	companions
Saytān	Satan	شيطان	shaytān	Satan
Sual	discussion	سؤال	su'āl	question
Subu	dawn	صبح	subh	dawn
Sunnat	female circumcision	سنّة	sunnah	tradition/sunnah
Takabbul	arrogant	تكبّر	takabbur	arrogance
Takwīm	calendar	تقويم	taqwīm	calendar
Tallak	divorce	طلاق	talāq	divorce
Tarasul	Tausug poem	تراسل	tarāsul	correspondence
Tasbi	prayer beads	تسبيح	tasbīh	praise
Ummul	age	عمر	'amr	age
Wajib	compulsory	واجب	wājib	compulsory
Wakap	pause	وقف	waqf	pause
Waktu	time	وقت	waqt	time

Tausūg words derived from Sanskrit

Tausūg Word		Meaning (Tausūg)	Sanskrit Word	Pronunciation	Meaning (Sanskrit)
Guru	Template:Script/Arabic	teacher	गुरु	guru	teacher
Naga	Template:Script/Arabic	dragon	नाग	nāga	serpent
Āgama	Template:Script/Arabic	religion	आगम	āgama	religion
Lahu'	Template:Script/Arabic	eclipse	राहु	rāhu	eclipse
Lupa	Template:Script/Arabic	appearance	रूप	rūpa	appearance
Dukka	Template:Script/Arabic	grieve	दुःख	duḥkha	suffering
Sutla'	Template:Script/Arabic	silk	सूत्र	sūtra	to sew/thread

See also

• Languages of the Philippines
• Yakan
• Bikol
• Cebuano
• Chavacano
• Hiligaynon
• Kapampangan
• Ilocano
• Pangasinan
• Bisayan languages
• Waray language

Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

• Publications in Tausūg and other Philippine languages
• Tausug-English Dictionary of SIL International Template:Webarchive. online version accessible from Webonary.org.
• Tausug at Wiktionary
• Tausug Language by Dr. Carl G. Rubino
• Bansa.org Tausug Dictionary Template:Webarchive
• Tausug English Glossary Search for common Tausug Words