Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

A voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The symbol {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which transcribes a different soundTemplate:Sndthe velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A voiceless alveolar lateral approximant is transcribed in IPA as Template:Angbr IPA. In Sino-Tibetan languages, Template:Harvcoltxt argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and Li Fang-Kuei & William Baxter contrast apophonically the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese. A voiceless dental or alveolar lateral approximant is found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphia EnglishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp after voiceless coronal and labial stops, and it is velarized before back vowels; the allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} after {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is most commonly as a voiceless velar lateral approximant.Template:SfnpTemplate:Failed verification See English phonology.

Features

Features of a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Template:Fricative Template:Alveolar Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Lateral Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Lateral fricatives are common among indigenous languages of western North America, such as Nahuatl, Tlingit and Navajo,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Lateral fricatives are rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh, in which it is written Template:Angle bracket.Template:Sfnp Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Llywelyn {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh Template:Angbr spelling but are pronounced with an Template:IPAslink (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with Template:Angbr (pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish.

Modern South Arabian languages are known for their apparent archaic Semitic features, especially in their system of phonology. For example, they preserve the lateral fricatives Template:Nounderlines Template:IPAblink and Template:Nounderlines/Template:Nounderlines Template:IPAblink of Proto-Semitic. Except for the Modern South Arabian languages, every other extant Semitic language has merged Proto-Semitic *s2 Template:IPAblink into one of the two other plain sibilants.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} was reconstructed for the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate it. It is, however, attested by later developments: {{#invoke:IPA|main}} was written with Template:Angbr, but the letter was also used for the sound {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Later, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} merged with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a sound that had been written only with Template:Angbr. As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: {{#invoke:IPA|main}} written Template:Angbr, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} written Template:Angbr (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} evolving from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and written Template:Angbr (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of Template:Angbr evolving to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is known based on comparative evidence since {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages,<ref name="b77">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} < Greek Template:Transliteration < Hebrew Template:Transliteration). The phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} began to merge with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew.<ref name="b69">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="r73">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> In all Jewish reading traditions, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew {{#invoke:IPA|main}} has instead merged into {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="b69" />

A {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh, which has the sound) and Quenya (even though this language was mostly inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin, none of which have this sound).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Sindarin, it is written as Template:Angle bracket initially and Template:Angle bracket medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written Template:Angle bracket.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Amis Kangko dialect lang}} main}} 'bowl' main}}.Template:Sfnp
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'phlegm that is spit' Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Norwegian Trondheim dialectTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'sold' main}}. Also described as an approximant.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Sahaptin {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'moccasins' main}}.Template:Sfnp

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'red'
AhtnaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'mountain'
AvarTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'three'Template:Sfnp
Basay lang}} main}} 'water'
Berber Ait Seghrouchen lang}} main}} 'not yet' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Brahui lang}} / teļ main}} 'scorpion' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Bunun Isbukun dialect lang}} main}} 'mountain' main}} among some speakers.Template:Sfnp
BuraTemplate:Sfnp batli main}} citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Contrasts with Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
Central Alaskan Yup'ikTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'arm'
Cherokee Oklahoma Cherokee lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'not', 'dog' main}} among some speakers.Template:Sfnp Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a realization of cluster {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
ChickasawTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'it is dry'
Chinese Taishanese<ref>Taishanese Dictionary & Resources</ref> 三 {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'three' main}} in Standard Cantonese
Pinghua
Pu-Xian Min lang}} main}} 'sand'
ChipewyanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'fish'
ChukchiTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'shoes'
DahaloTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'stew' main}} and labialized {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Damin l*i main}} 'fish' Ingressive with egressive glottalic release
Deg Xinag lang}} main}} 'she is teaching them'
Dogrib lang}} main}} 'smoke' main}}.Template:Sfnp
English Lateral Lisp send [ɬɛnd] 'send' Occurs as replacement for /s/
Eyak lang}} main}} 'woman' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Fali {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'shoulder'
Forest Nenets lang}} main}} 'rain' Contrasts palatalized {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Greenlandic lang}} main}} 'house' main}}.Template:Sfnp See Greenlandic phonology
HadzaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'man'
HaidaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'six'
Halkomelem lang}} main}} 'wet' Attested in at least the Musqueam dialect.Template:Sfnp
Hla'aluaTemplate:Sfnp lang}}Template:Sfnp main}} 'vegetable'
Hlai {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Sfnp 'fish' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Hmong lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'moon'
Inuktitut lang}} Template:Transliteration main}} 'grizzly bear' See Inuit phonology
Kabardian lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'blood' main}} and glottalic {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Kaska tsį̄ł main}} 'axe'
Kham Gamale Kham<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> lang}} main}} 'leaf'
Khroskyabs<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> ? main}} 'kill' (causative)
LillooetTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'rash'Template:Sfnp
LushootseedTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'sun'
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'a different song' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Mehri<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> lang}} main}} 'milk' main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Mochica lang}} main}} Phaseolus lunatus
Moloko lang}} main}} 'cow'
Mongolian lang}} main}} 'Wednesday' Only in loanwords from Tibetan;Template:Sfnp here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa)
MuscogeeTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'grape'
Nahuatl lang}} main}} 'city' main}}
Navajo lang}} main}} 'some' See Navajo phonology
Nisga'a lang}} main}} 'sun'
Norwegian Trøndersk lang}} main}} 'weak', 'small' main}}, apical postalveolar approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and laminal postalveolar approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Nuosu {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'to fry' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Nuxalk lang}} main}} 'thick' main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
SaanichTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'splash'
Sandawe lang}} main}} 'goat'
Sassarese lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'dead'
Sawi lang}} main}} 'three'Template:Sfnp main}}.Template:Sfnp Developed from earlier *tr- consonant cluster.Template:Sfnp
Shehri<ref name=":0" /> lang}} main}} 'ten' main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Shuswap lang}} main}} 'fire is out'Template:Clarify
Sotho lang}} main}} 'to examine' See Sotho phonology
Soqotri<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> lang}} main}} 'old' main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Swedish Jämtlandic lang}} main}} 'cold' Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Härjedalen. See Swedish phonology
Västerbotten dialect lang}} [beɬː] 'bridle'
Taos lang}} main}} 'wife' See Taos phonology
TeraTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'side'
Thao lang}} main}} 'star'
Tlingit lang}} main}} 'Tlingit'
Toda lang}} main}} 'to learn' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Ukrainian Poltava subdialect<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> lang}} main}} 'milk' Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect.
Tsez lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'water'
Vietnamese Gin dialectTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'small'
WelshTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'kettle' See Welsh phonology
XhosaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'we stay'
Yurok<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

lang}} main}} 'earring'
Zulu lang}} main}} 'twig' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Zuni lang}} main}} 'ten'

Alveolar approximant

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut Western Aleut lang}} main}} 'boy' Contrasts with voiced /l/. Merged in Eastern Aleut.Template:Sfnp
Burmese lang}} main}} 'beautiful' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Danish StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'square' main}}, aspiration of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is realized as devoicing of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
English CardiffTemplate:Sfnp plus {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'plus' See English phonology
NorfolkTemplate:Sfnp
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'juice' main}} after {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Estonian phonology
Faroese lang}} main}} 'to help' main}} before fortis plosives.Template:Sfnp
French lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'people' main}}, occurs after voiceless obstruents. Often gains voicing midway.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Iaai {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'black' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Icelandic lang}} main}} 'barn' main}}.<ref name="note">According to most analyses. The phonemic analyses of modern Icelandic is a matter of great debate, see Icelandic phonology.</ref> Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before fortis plosivesTemplate:Sfnp and utterance finally. In free variation with the globaly more common fricative.Template:Sfnp
Kildin Sámi тоӆсэ [ˈtol̥sɛ] 'to keep the flame alive' Contrasts with /l/, /l̥ʲ/, /lʲ/, and /ʎ/.
Northern Sámi Eastern Inland lang}} main}} 'salary' main}}.Template:Sfnp
PipilTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed main}} in some now-extinct dialects.Template:Sfnp
Scottish Gaelic lang}} main}} 'blow, knock' main}} before a pre-aspirated plosive.Template:Sfnp
Southern NambikwaraTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'cane toad'Template:Sfnp main}}.Template:Sfnp
Tibetan Template:Bo-textonly {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'Lhasa'
Ukrainian StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'sense' main}} after voiceless consonants.Template:Sfnp See Ukrainian phonology
Xumi LowerTemplate:Sfnp [ʁul̥o˦] 'head'
UpperTemplate:Sfnp [bə˦l̥ä̝˦] 'to open a lock' main}}.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Velarized dental or alveolar approximant

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Some Philadelphia speakersTemplate:Sfnp plus main}} 'plus' See English phonologyTemplate:Sfnp
Georgian Template:Example needed citation CitationClass=web

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Irish Gaelic citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Ket citation CitationClass=web

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Moksha citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Russian citation CitationClass=web

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Scottish Gaelic lang}} main}} 'hair' main}} before a pre-aspirated plosive.Template:Sfnp
Sámi Ter Template:Example needed citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

TurkishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'way' main}}, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology

Semitic languages

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as Template:Transliteration; it has evolved into Arabic {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Hebrew {{#invoke:IPA|main}}:

Proto-Semitic Modern South Arabian Languages Akkadian Arabic Phoenician Hebrew Aramaic Ge'ez
main}} main}} s̠ Template:Script/Arabic š š š Template:Script/Hebrew s ܫ s ሠ ś
main}} main}} ṣ Template:Script/Arabic ḍ Template:Script ṣ Template:Script/Hebrew ṣ (modern ts) Template:Script/Hebrew ʿ Template:Script ṣ́

Among Semitic languages, the sound (with its emphatic counterpart ṣ́) still exists in contemporary Modern South Arabian languages; Soqotri,<ref name=":1" /> Shehri,<ref name=":0" /> and Mehri.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.Template:Citation needed

Voiceless lateral-median fricative

Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

A voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Alveolar Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Lateral Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic<ref>Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, pp. 122–123</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

[[ʽAsir Province|Al-RubūTemplate:Ayinah]] dialect lang}} main}} main}} for emotional pain and voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} for physical pain.</ref> main}} and Modern Standard Arabic {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
[dialect missing] lang}} main}} 'thirsty' main}}

Capital letter

Capital letter L with belt

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.<ref>Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

Notes

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References

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Further reading

Template:IPA navigation

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