Near-close near-front rounded vowel

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect-distinguish-text Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The near-close near-front rounded vowel, or near-high near-front rounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA (a small capital Latin letter Y).

The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front rounded vowel (transcribed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol Template:Angbr IPA is a near-close near-front rounded vowel.Template:Sfnp

However, some languages have a vowel that is somewhat lower than the canonical value of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. It occurs in German Standard German as well as some dialects of English (such as Estuary).Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp It can be narrowly transcribed with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a lowered Template:Angbr IPA) or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a backed Template:Angbr IPA). For precision, this can be described as a close-mid near-front rounded vowel.

Additionally, in many languages that contrast close, near-close, and close-mid front rounded vowels, there is no appreciable difference in backness between them.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp In some transcriptions, the vowel is transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA<ref>For example, by Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt.</ref> or Template:Angbr IPA.<ref>For example by Template:Harvcoltxt; Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt.</ref> When that is the case, this article uses the narrow transcriptions {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a lowered Template:IPAalink) and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a raised Template:IPAalink), respectively. For precision, this can be described as a near-close front rounded vowel, or near-high front rounded vowel, which may also be represented with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a fronted Template:Angbr IPA). Some phoneticians argue that all lip position inverses of the primary cardinal vowels are centralized (with the exception of Template:IPAalink) based on formant acoustics,<ref>Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk</ref> so that there may be no substantial difference between a near-close near-front rounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and its fully front counterpart {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

Template:Angbr IPA implies too weak a rounding in some cases (specifically in the case of the vowels that are described as tense in Germanic languages, which are typically transcribed with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), which would have to be specified as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. In most languages, the rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips (in an exolabial manner). However, in a few cases, the lips are protruded (in an endolabial manner), such as in Swedish, which contrasts the two types of rounding.

Transcription

The near-close front rounded vowel is transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA in world's languages. However, when the Latin Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA are used for this vowel, Template:Angbr IPA may still be used for phonological reasons for a vowel that is lower than near-close, potentially leading to confusion. This is the case in several Germanic language varieties, as well as in some transcriptions of Shanghainese.

In the following table, the difference between compressed and protruded vowels is ignored, except in the case of Swedish. Short vowels transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA in broad transcription are assumed to have a weak rounding in most cases.

Symbol Phonetic values in various language varieties
Dutch Dzongkha Frisian languages German Limburgish Shanghainese Swedish
Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small
Template:Angbr IPA Template:IPAblink ~ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Template:IPAblink Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:N/A same as Template:Angbr IPA
Template:Angbr IPA Template:IPAblink ~ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink ~ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:N/A Template:IPAblink
Template:Angbr IPA same as Template:Angbr IPA Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:IPAblink
Template:Angbr IPA Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A main}} ~ Template:IPAblink
Template:Angbr IPA Template:IPAblink Template:N/A Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink ~ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Template:IPAblink
Template:Angbr IPA same as Template:Angbr IPA Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:IPAblink same as Template:Angbr IPA same as Template:Angbr IPA same as Template:Angbr IPA main}} same as Template:Angbr IPA
Template:Angbr IPA main}} ~ Template:IPAblink ~ Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink ~ Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink main}} Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink ~ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} main}} Template:N/A Template:IPAblink
Template:Angbr IPA same as Template:Angbr IPA Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:IPAblink
Template:Angbr IPA same as Template:Angbr IPA Template:N/A Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:N/A Template:IPAblink
Template:Angbr IPA Template:IPAblink Template:N/A Template:N/A Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink Template:N/A Template:N/A

Near-close front compressed vowel

The near-close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as Template:Angbr IPA, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter Template:IPAalink as Template:Angbr IPA (simultaneous {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and labial compression) or Template:Angbr IPA ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic Template:Angbr IPA may also be used with a rounded vowel letter Template:Angbr IPA as an {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

The close-mid front compressed vowel can be transcribed Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA.

Features

Template:Near-close vowel Template:Front vowel Template:Compressed vowel The prototypical {{#invoke:IPA|main}} has a weak compressed rounding, more like Template:IPAblink than the neighboring cardinal vowels.

File:Spectrogram of near-close near-front rounded vowel (IPA ʏ).png
main}}

Occurrence

Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion. Vowels transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA may have a stronger rounding than the prototypical value of Template:Angbr IPA.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian Gheg lang}} main}} 'star'
Bashkir lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'three'
Bavarian NorthernTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'much' main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
BuwalTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'bitter' main}} when adjacent to a labialized consonant.Template:Sfnp
Chinese ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'liver' main}} in open syllables and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in closed syllables. Near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the former case, close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the latter.Template:Sfnp
Danish Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt.</ref> lang}} main}} 'buy' Also described as close-mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Dutch StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'now' Also transcribed as close front Template:IPAblinkTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp and, in the Standard Northern accent, as close central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Dutch phonology
English EstuaryTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp foot {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'foot' main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. In the former case, the height varies between near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
Multicultural LondonTemplate:Sfnp main}}.Template:Sfnp
Rural white Southern AmericanTemplate:Sfnp main}} Can be central Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
West CountryTemplate:Sfnp main}} main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
New ZealandTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp nurse main}} 'nurse' main}} (and also {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See New Zealand English phonology
Ulster<ref name="ireland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || mule || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'mule'|| Short allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; occurs only after {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="ireland"/> See English phonology

Multicultural London food Template:Audio-IPA 'food'
Faroese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'mug' See Faroese phonology
French ParisianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'you' Also described as close Template:IPAblink;Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See French phonology
QuebecTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'moon' main}} in closed syllables.Template:Sfnp See Quebec French phonology
German StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'protect' Close-mid; it may be as high as Template:IPAblink for some speakers.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to swim' main}} before labial consonants. Used by some speakers in Northern and Central Germany.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'hit' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Hungarian phonology
IcelandicTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'friend' Close-mid;Template:Sfnp also described as central Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Icelandic phonology
Kazakh lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'go'
Kurdish lang}} main}} 'yesterday' Allophone of /weː/ before consonant.
Low GermanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'little'
NorwegianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'new' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel varies between compressed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and protruded Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Its height has been variously described as near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Sfnp and close Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology.
Saterland FrisianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to rain' main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the former case, close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (Template:IPAblink).Template:Sfnp
ScotsTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'boot' May be central Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'out' main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp (hear the word: Template:Audio-IPA). The height has been variously described as near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp and close Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA; it is central Template:IPAblink in other dialects. See Swedish phonology
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Nowrap 'proverb' main}} described variously as "word-final"Template:Sfnp and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology
TurkmenTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'Turkmen'
Wymysorys<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'boys' ||

Near-close front protruded vowel

Template:Infobox IPA Catford notesTemplate:Full citation needed that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One of them, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels as well as height and duration.Template:Sfnp

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, the old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a near-close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

A close-mid (near-)front protruded vowel may be narrowly transcribed with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. For the fully front variant of this vowel transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA, see the close-mid front protruded vowel.

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed near-close front vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and the unrounded near-close front vowel Template:IPAblink.

Features

Template:Near-close vowel Template:Front vowel Template:Protruded vowel The prototypical {{#invoke:IPA|main}} has a weak rounding (though it is compressed, rather than protruded), more like Template:IPAblink than the neighboring cardinal vowels.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
NorwegianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'new' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel varies between protruded {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and compressed Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Its height has been variously described as near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Sfnp and close Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology.
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'wool' main}},Template:Sfnp near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Sfnp and close Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology

References

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Sources

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