Palochka

The palochkaTemplate:Efn (Template:Not a typo) is a letter in the Cyrillic script. The letter is usually caseless. It was introduced in the late 1930s as the Hindu-Arabic digit '1'; on Cyrillic keyboards, it is usually typeset as the Roman numeral 'Template:Serif'. Unicode currently supports both caseless/capital palochka at U+04C0 and a rarer lower-case palochka at U+04CF. The palochka marks glottal(ized) and pharyngeal(ized) consonants.

Form

The letter looks similar to the digit 1. Its uppercase form resembles the Latin Letter I (I i) in uppercase form, while its lowercase form resembles the Latin letter L (L l) in lowercase form.Template:Fact

History

The Cyrillic palochka was derived directly from the Arabic letter alif ⟨Template:Lang⟩. The name of the letter comes from a diminutive form of the Russian word Template:Wikt-lang (Template:Small Template:Transliteration), which means "Template:Wikt-lang" in English (as in, a long thin piece of wood). In the early days of the Soviet Union, many of the non-Russian Cyrillic alphabets contained only letters found in the Russian alphabet to keep them compatible with Russian typewriters. Sounds absent from Russian were marked with digraphs and other letter combinations. The palochka was the only exception because the numerical digit 1 was used instead of the letter. In fact, on many Russian typewriters, the character looked not like the digit 1 but like the Roman numeral Template:Serif with serifs. That is still common because the palochka is not present in most standard keyboard layouts (and, for some of them, not even the similar-looking Cyrillic-script letter dotted i Template:Angle) or common fonts and so it cannot be easily entered or reliably displayed on many computer systems. For example, even the official site of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia uses the digit 1 instead of the palochka.<ref name=assembly>Template:Cite web Note: This citation only supports the assertion about the Assembly website using '1', not the entire preceding paragraph.</ref>

Usage

In the alphabets of Abaza, Avar, Chechen, Dargwa, Ingush, Lak, Lezgian, Tabassaran, and Tsakhur, it is a modifier letter which signals the preceding consonant as an ejective or pharyngeal consonant;<ref name=unicode-aspiration>Template:Cite web §04C0 Ӏ CYRILLIC LETTER PALOCHKA: "aspiration sign in many Caucasian languages"</ref>Template:Better source needed this letter has no phonetic value on its own.

In Adyghe, the palochka by itself represents a glottal stop Template:Ipa (like the tt in GA button).

• Example from Kabardian Adyghe dialect: Template:Lang Template:IPA, "he asked her for something"

In Avar, it represents an ejective consonant.

• Example from Avar: Template:Lang Template:IPA, "to speak"

In Chechen, the palochka makes a preceding stop or affricate ejective if voiceless, or pharyngealized if voiced, but also represents the pharyngealized glottal plosive Template:IPA (like the ayn in Arabic, but more abrupt, usually transcribed Template:IPA) when it does not follow a stop or affricate. As an exception, in the digraph ⟨хӀ⟩, it produces the voiceless glottal fricative Template:IPA. Ingush is similar.

• Examples from Chechen: Template:Lang Template:IPA, "girl" and Template:Lang [[[:Template:IPA]]], "shark"

Exceptionally among the Caucasian languages, Abkhaz does not use the palochka, but instead uses a series of special letters to distinguish ejective and non-ejective (aspirated) consonants.

Computing codes

Template:Anchor Template:Charmap <ref name=unicode>Template:Cite web</ref>

The lowercase form of the palochka was added to Unicode 5.0 in July 2006.

See also

• Cyrillic characters in Unicode
• 1