Voiced alveolar approximant

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA

A voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents it is Template:Angbr IPA, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees.

Features

File:Voiced alveolar approximant.svg
A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].

Features of a voiced alveolar approximant:

Template:Approximant Template:Alveolar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian unknown gjelbër main}} 'green'
Armenian Classical lang}} main}} 'coffee'
Assamese ৰঙা (rônga) main}} 'red'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Alqosh dialect ܪܒ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'many' Corresponds to Template:IPAslink in most other Assyrian dialects.
Tyari dialect
BengaliTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'again' Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] in others. See Bengali phonology
Burmese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'furniture' Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English.
ChukchiTemplate:Citation needed ңирэк main}} 'two'
Dutch Central Netherlandic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'through' Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology.
Western Netherlandic
Leiden lang}} main}} 'rat' main}} in other dialects.
Faroese lang}} main}} 'rudder' See Faroese phonology.
German Moselle Franconian (Siegerland<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse</ref> and Westerwald<ref>Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache</ref> dialects) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'vine' Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative Template:IPAblink, a uvular trill Template:IPAblink or an alveolar trill Template:IPAblink. See Standard German phonology.
Silesian
Upper Lusatian
Greek<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}}/méra main}} 'day' Allophone of Template:IPAslink in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology.
Persian فارسی main}} 'Persian' main}} before /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /l/. See Persian phonology.
Portuguese Multiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland Centro-Sul<ref>Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná Template:Webarchive. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21 (in Portuguese)</ref> lang}} main}} 'love' main}} in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or a rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology.
Spanish Andalusian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt citing Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> doscientos main}} 'two hundred' main}} before [θ]. See Spanish phonology.
Belizean invierno {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'winter' Possible realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the syllable coda due to English influence.
Caribbean Colombian
Puerto Rican
Costa Rican<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> carro main}} 'car' main}}, and of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Costa Rican Spanish.
Swedish Central Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'domain' main}}. Some speakers have Template:IPAblink (Template:IPAblink when geminated) in all positions. See Swedish phonology.
Tagalog lang}} main}} 'like-' main}} and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English.
Turkish Marmara Region lang}} main}} 'excess, surplus' Occurs as an allophone of Template:IPAblink in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar Template:IPAblink. See Turkish phonology.
Vietnamese Saigon<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'go out' In free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink. See Vietnamese phonology.
Zapotec Tilquiapan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> rdɨ main}} 'pass' main}} before consonants.

Laminal alveolar

Template:Infobox IPA Some languages have a voiced (post)alveolar approximant that is acoustically distinct from a typical {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which has variously been described as being 'Template:IPAblink-like'<ref name="shimoji08" /> or 'non-rhotic'.<ref name="ball2020">Template:Citation</ref> Some authors have reported the distinction as one of articulation, with the formerly mentioned sound being classified as laminal, while a typical {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is distinguished as apical.<ref name="prox2011">Template:Citation</ref> The International Phonetic Alphabet has no symbol to represent this sound, but possible transcriptions with diacritics include Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA, both of which have been used in literature. Several symbols have been proposed to represent this sound, but none have become widely accepted.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Danish Standard<ref name="Basbøll">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Grønnum">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="SOWL1">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'at' main}} in the syllable coda.<ref name="Basbøll"/><ref name="Grønnum"/><ref name="SOWL1"/> For a minority of speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead.<ref name="SOWL1"/> See Danish phonology.
Icelandic lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'wallpaper' In free variation with a weak fricative (Template:IPAblink).<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Icelandic phonology.
Miyakoan Irabu<ref name="shimoji08">Template:Citation</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'father' Realized as [z̞z] when word initial, geminate {{#invoke:IPA|main}} when presyllabic, variable when medial, and plain [z̞] when word final. Phonemically transcribed as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

Postalveolar

Template:See also Template:Infobox IPA

File:Voiced postalveolar approximant.svg
A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].

The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the voiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced further back than a typical {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and transcribed more precisely in IPA as Template:Angbr IPA, but Template:Angbr IPA is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol Template:Angbr IPA even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.

The bunched or molar r sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as a voiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction. It can be transcribed in extIPA as Template:Angbr IPA.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Australian red main}} 'red' Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed Template:Angbr. See Australian English phonology, English phonology, Rhoticity in English and Pronunciation of English /r/.
Most American dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt citing Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt, and Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Audio-IPA
Received Pronunciation
Igbo<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'eat'
Malay راتوس / ratus main}} 'hundred' main}}] or flap [{{#invoke:IPA|main}}]. See Malay phonology
Maltese Some dialects<ref name="puech">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'quickly' main}} in other dialects.<ref name="puech"/>
Shipibo<ref name="val283">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> roro main}} 'to break into pieces' Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="val283"/>

As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occurs in Edo, Fula, Murrinh-patha, and Palauan.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

See also

Notes

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References

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Template:IPA navigation Template:LetterR Template:Authority control

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