Open-mid back rounded vowel

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by Template:Angbr IPA, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.

In English, the symbol Template:Angbr IPA (or Template:Angbr IPA) is typically associated with the vowel in "thought", but in Received Pronunciation ("RP", standard British English), Australian English, New Zealand English and South African English that vowel is produced with considerably stronger lip rounding and higher tongue position than that of cardinal Template:IPA, i.e. as close-mid Template:IPAblink or somewhat lower. Open-mid Template:IPA or even open Template:IPAblink realizations are found in North American English (where this vowel is often indistinguishable from the open back unrounded vowel in "bra") and Scottish English as well as Hiberno-English, Northern England English and Welsh English, though in the last three accent groups closer, Template:IPAblink-like realizations are also found. In RP, the open-mid realization of Template:IPA has been obsolete since the 1930s. Pronouncing that vowel as such is subject to correction for non-native speakers aiming at RP.<ref name="hce97">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="morgen">Geoff Lindsey (2012) Morgen — a suitable case for treatment, Speech Talk</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

In Received Pronunciation and Australian English, the open-mid back rounded vowel occurs as the main allophone of the Template:Sc2 vowel Template:IPA. The contrast between Template:IPA and Template:IPA is thus strongly maintained, with the former vowel being realized as close-mid Template:IPAblink and the latter as open-mid Template:IPA, similarly to the contrast between Template:IPA and Template:IPA found in German, Italian and Portuguese.<ref name="hce97"/><ref name="morgen"/><ref name="wikstroem">Template:Harvcoltxt, "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."</ref>

Features

Template:Open-mid vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Pharyngeal Template:Protruded vowel

File:Spectrogram of open-mid back rounded vowel (IPA ɔ).png
Spectrogram of Template:IPA

Template:Clear

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian Tosk Template:Lang Template:IPA 'cake'
Armenian Eastern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang hoġm Template:IPA 'storm'
Assamese Template:Lang / kor [kɔɹ] 'to do' May also be transcribed as fully low [ɒ] or "over-rounded" [ɒ̹]
Bavarian Amstetten dialect<ref name="tm1982">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> wås Template:IPA 'what' Contrasts close Template:IPAblink, near-close Template:IPAblink, close-mid Template:IPAblink and open-mid Template:IPA back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded Template:IPAblink.<ref name="tm1982"/><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
Bengali<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang ortho Template:IPA 'meaning' See Bengali phonology
Breton<ref>Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010</ref> roll [ˈrɔlː] 'list'
Bulgarian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang rod Template:IPA 'kin' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'clog' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese Template:Lang ngo5 Template:IPA 'I, me, my' See Cantonese phonology
Hokkien Template:Lang bó͘ Template:IPA 'wife' See Hokkien phonology
Cipu Tirisino dialectTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'cut down!' Near-back.Template:Sfnp
Danish Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'map' Most often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard Belgian<ref name="Verhoeven">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'alas' 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> strongly pharyngealized<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> (although less so in standard Belgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>) and somewhat fronted.<ref name="Verhoeven"/><ref name="Gussenhoven">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Dutch phonology
Standard Northern<ref name="Gussenhoven"/>
English Australian<ref name="hce97"/> not Template:Audio-IPA 'not' See Australian English phonology
Estuary<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
New Zealand<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> May be somewhat fronted.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See New Zealand English phonology
Received Pronunciation<ref name="morgen"/><ref name="wikstroem"/> Template:IPA has shifted up in emerging RP.
General American thought Template:IPA 'thought' Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be lower Template:IPAblink. (It is rarely lowered to Template:IPA before liquids Template:IPA, and may thus be more familiar to many North Americans in r-colored form, Template:IPAslink.)
Scottish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Most Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of Template:IPA quality.
Sheffield<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> goat Template:IPA 'goat' Common realization of the Template:Sc2 vowel particularly for males.
Newfoundland<ref name="wells498">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> but Template:IPA 'but' Less commonly unrounded Template:IPAblink.<ref name="wells498"/> See English phonology
Faroese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'seal flipper' See Faroese phonology
French Parisian<ref name="fs73">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'silly' (f.) The Parisian realization has been variously described as a back vowel Template:IPA centralized to Template:IPAblink before Template:IPA<ref name="fs73"/> and central Template:IPAblink.<ref name="cm225">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See French phonology
Galician Template:Lang Template:IPA 'man' See Galician phonology
Georgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang stsori Template:IPA 'correct'
German Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'full' See Standard German phonology
Hindustani Hindi कौन /kaun Template:IPA 'who' See Hindustani phonology
Urdu کَون/kaun
Italian<ref name="roda119">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'word' Near-back.<ref name="roda119"/> See Italian phonology
Javanese ꦫꦱ / råså Template:IPA taste, feeling
Kaingang<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> pó Template:IPA 'stone'
Kera<ref name="pear251">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:IPA 'hard earth' Near-back.<ref name="pear251"/>
Kokborok Template:Lang Template:IPA 'not'
Korean North Korean Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:IPA 'North Korea' Both ㅓ /ʌ/ and ㅗ /o/ in South Korean have merged into [ɔ] in North Korean. See Korean phonology
Limburgish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="peters">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'moon' Lower Template:IPAblink in the Maastrichtian dialect.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> The example word is from the Hasselt dialect.
Lower Sorbian<ref name="stone">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'a request'
Low German Most dialects Template:Lang Template:IPA 'stick' May be more open Template:IPA in the Netherlands or more closed Template:IPA in Low Prussian dialects.
Various dialects Template:Lang Template:IPA 'sleep' May be as low as Template:IPA and as high as Template:IPA in other dialects.
Southern Eastphalian Template:Lang<ref>Schambach, Gerog (1858), "Wörterbuch der niederdeutschen Mundart der Fürstenthümer Göttingen und Grubenhagen oder GöttingischGrubenhagen'sches Idiotikon", p. 30.</ref> Template:IPA 'bread' Corresponds to Template:IPA in other dialects.
Luxembourgish<ref name="gt">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'son' Possible realization of Template:IPA.<ref name="gt"/> See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard sotong Template:IPA 'squid' Possible realization of Template:IPA and Template:IPA in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology
Negeri Sembilan كيت / kita Template:IPA 'we' (inclusive) See Negeri Sembilan Malay
Kelantan-Pattani بياسا / biasa Template:IPA 'normal' See Kelatan-Pattani Malay
Nepali Template:Lang Template:IPA 'far' Less rounded. Allophone of Template:IPA around labial consonants and in isolation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Lang Template:IPA 'long' Uncommon post-nasal allophone of Template:IPA, which is commonly raised to Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Norwegian Some dialects<ref name="pop26">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'so' Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid Template:IPAblink in other dialects.<ref name="pop26"/> See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Template:Lang Template:IPA 'ode' See Occitan phonology
Odia Template:Lang Template:IPA 'meaning'
Polish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'cat' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Template:Webarchive</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'gossip' Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨o⟩ allophones, such as Template:IPA, varies according to dialect.
Some speakers<ref>Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP Template:In lang</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'scolding' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel Template:IPA. See Portuguese phonology
Russian Some speakers<ref name="jw56">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang sukhoy Template:IPA 'dry' More commonly realized as mid Template:IPAblink.<ref name="jw56"/> See Russian phonology
Slovak StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to stun' See Slovak phonology
Swedish Standard Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'minor scale' See Swedish phonology
Tagalog Template:Lang Template:IPA 'lullaby' See Tagalog phonology
Thai Template:Lang ngo Template:IPA 'to bend' See Thai phonology
Temne<ref name="katuc">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'swamp' Near-back.<ref name="katuc"/>
UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang lyubov Template:IPA 'love' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian<ref name="stone"/><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dog' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Welsh siop Template:IPA 'shop' See Welsh phonology
West FrisianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'rat' See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish Template:Lang Template:Transliteration [jɔ] 'yes' See Yiddish phonology.
Yoruba<ref name="bam">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Example needed Nasalized; may be near-open Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name="bam"/>

See also

Notes

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References

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