Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

Voiceless alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is Template:Angbr IPA. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, Template:Angbr IPA and the postalveolar with a retraction line, Template:Angbr IPA, and the extIPA has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, Template:Angbr IPA.

The {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically.Template:Sfnp Most languages have at least a plain {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.Template:Citation needed

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and many Australian Aboriginal languages being a few of them; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, represented by ⟨th⟩).

Features

Here are the features of voiceless alveolar stops:

Template:Plosive

  • There are three specific variants of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Varieties

IPA Description
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} plain t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} dental t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} postalveolar t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} aspirated t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} palatalized t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} labialized t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} t with no audible release
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} voiced t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} tense t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} ejective t
{{#invoke:IPA|main}} pharyngealized t

Occurrence

Dental

main}} in various languages
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
AleutTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'dough' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'house' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'three'
Bashkir lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'four' Laminal denti-alveolar
BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'century' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Basque lang}} main}} 'place' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology
Bengali lang}} main}} 'you' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'land' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chuvash lang}} main}} 'horse'
Czech lang}} main}} 'this' Laminal denti-alveolar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> See Czech phonology

DinkaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'child' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Dutch Belgian lang}} main}} 'language' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English DublinTemplate:Sfnp thin {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'thin' Laminal denti-alveolar. In Dublin, it may be Template:IPAblink instead. See English phonology.
Indian Corresponds to Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
Southern IrishTemplate:Sfnp
Ulster<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || train || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'train' || Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, in free variation with an alveolar stop.

Finnish lang}} main}} 'pacifier' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
FrenchTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'crooked' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
HakkaTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'he/she' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
HindustaniTemplate:Sfnp Hindi lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'three' Laminal denti-alveolar. lang}}>. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} lang}}>.
Hmong White Hmong Template:Script / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'son', 'boy' or 'male name'
IndonesianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'curtain' Laminal denti-alveolar, most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨t⟩.
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'such' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'special' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'bird' || colspan="3" | Laminal denti-alveolar.

Kazakh lang}} main}} 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar.
KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar.
LatvianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'table' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalam lang}} main}} 'waiting' Contrasts {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'husband' Interdental.Template:Sfnp
Marathi lang}} main}} 'tabla' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Minangkabau Padang lang}} main}} 'old' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Nepali lang}} main}} 'clapping' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
NunggubuyuTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'whiskers' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Odia lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'star' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
PazehTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'keep clapping' Dental.
PolishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'volume' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp Many dialects lang}} main}} 'mountain' Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and/or Template:IPAblink in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'oil' Laminal denti-alveolar.
RussianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'fat' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic<ref>Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</ref> lang}} main}} 'house' Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'sorrow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhala lang}} main}} 'hand'
SloveneTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'type' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Slovak lang}} main}} 'this' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovak phonology
Somali lang}} main}} 'vomit' Dentalization of alveolar plosive.
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'tango' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
SwedishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'train' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Telugu lang}} main}} 'wrong' Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Turkish lang}} main}} 'horse' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'brother' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed – Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.Template:Sfnp
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'week' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'so much' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

main}} in various languages
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'thank you' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'five'
AfrikaansTemplate:Sfnp Template:Audio 'pot'
Arabic Egyptian lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'barrette' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Assyrian lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'house' Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Southern dialects θ is used.
Cantonese lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'fall' (v.) See Cantonese Phonology
lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'iron'
Chechen lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'squirrel'
Danish StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'can' (n.) Usually transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA. Contrasts with the affricate Template:IPAblink or aspirated stop {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
DutchTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'language' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers tick Template:Audio-IPA 'tick' See English phonology
New YorkTemplate:Sfnp Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.Template:Sfnp
Hebrew lang}} main}} 'image' see Modern Hebrew phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'raft' See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian Most speakers tabir [täbɪr] 'curtain' Commonly [t̪] by other speakers.
Kabardian lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'five'
Khmer lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'tea' See Khmer phonology
Korean lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'bamboo forest' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern lang}} main}} 'you' See Kurdish phonology
Central lang}} main}} 'forehead'
Southern lang}} main}}
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'thin' Less often voiced Template:IPAblink. It is usually transcribed {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayalam lang}} main}} 'wind' main}}.
Maltese lang}} main}} 'true'
Mandarin lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'ground' See Mandarin Phonology
lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'ladder/stairs'
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'elderly'
NunggubuyuTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'greedy'
NuosuTemplate:Which lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'place' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Portuguese<ref>Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref> Some dialects lang}} main}} 'thing' (pejorative) Allophone before alveolar Template:IPAslink. In other dialects {{#invoke:IPA|main}} takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology
Tagalog lang}} main}} 'sweet' See Tagalog phonology
Thai lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'eye' Contrasts with an aspirated form.
West Frisian lang}} main}} 'tooth' See West Frisian phonology

Postalveolar

Template:Infobox IPA

main}}
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bengali<ref name="mazumdar">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'taka' Apical postalveolar;<ref name="mazumdar"/> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Hindustani<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="tiwari">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}}/ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'hat' Apical postalveolar
Nepali lang}} main}} 'team' Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology
Odia lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'crepe jasmine' Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Yele lang}} main}} 'tongue' main}}.

Variable

Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Modern Standard lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'fig' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology
English Broad South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp talk main}} 'talk' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
ScottishTemplate:Sfnp main}}
WelshTemplate:Sfnp main}}
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'daughter' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
GreekTemplate:Sfnp lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'three' Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.Template:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
Malay lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'catch' More commonly dental. Often unreleased in syllable codas. See Malay phonology
Norwegian Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'dance' main}}. It may be partially voiced Template:IPAblink, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Persian<ref name="mah">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'berry' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.<ref name="mah"/> See Persian phonology
SlovakTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'that' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Slovak phonology

See also

Notes

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References

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