Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

Voiceless alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is Template:Angbr IPA. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, Template:Angbr IPA and the postalveolar with a retraction line, Template:Angbr IPA, and the extIPA has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, Template:Angbr IPA.

The Template:IPA sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically.Template:Sfnp Most languages have at least a plain Template:IPA, and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a Template:IPA are colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an Template:IPA), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.Template:Citation needed

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and many Australian Aboriginal languages being a few of them; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with Template:IPA being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme Template:IPA, represented by ⟨th⟩).

Features

File:Voiceless dental plosive.svg

File:Voiceless alveolar plosive.svg

Here are the features of voiceless alveolar stops:

Template:Plosive

  • There are three specific variants of Template:IPA:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Varieties

IPA Description
Template:IPA plain t
Template:IPA dental t
Template:IPA postalveolar t
Template:IPA aspirated t
Template:IPA palatalized t
Template:IPA labialized t
Template:IPA t with no audible release
Template:IPA voiced t
Template:IPA tense t
Template:IPA ejective t
Template:IPA pharyngealized t

Occurrence

Dental

Occurrence of Template:IPA in various languages
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
AleutTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dough' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'house' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'three'
Bashkir Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'four' Laminal denti-alveolar
BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'century' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Basque Template:Lang Template:IPA 'place' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology
Bengali Template:Lang Template:IPA 'you' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'land' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chuvash Template:Lang Template:IPA 'horse'
Czech Template:Lang Template:IPA 'this' Laminal denti-alveolar.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Czech phonology
DinkaTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'child' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar Template:IPA.
Dutch Belgian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'language' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English DublinTemplate:Sfnp thin Template:IPA 'thin' Laminal denti-alveolar. In Dublin, it may be Template:IPAblink instead. See English phonology.
Indian Corresponds to Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
Southern IrishTemplate:Sfnp
Ulster<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> train Template:IPA 'train' Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Finnish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'pacifier' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
FrenchTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'crooked' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
HakkaTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'he/she' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
HindustaniTemplate:Sfnp Hindi Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'three' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form <Template:Lang>. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu Template:Lang/Template:Lang Contrasts with aspirated form <Template:Lang>.
Hmong White Hmong Template:Script / Template:Lang Template:IPA 'son', 'boy' or 'male name'
IndonesianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'curtain' Laminal denti-alveolar, most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨t⟩.
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'such' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'special' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'bird' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh Template:Lang Template:IPA 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar.
KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar.
LatvianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'table' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalam Template:Lang Template:IPA 'waiting' Contrasts Template:IPA.
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'husband' Interdental.Template:Sfnp
Marathi Template:Lang Template:IPA 'tabla' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Minangkabau Padang Template:Lang Template:IPA 'old' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Nepali Template:Lang Template:IPA 'clapping' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
NunggubuyuTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'whiskers' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Odia Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'star' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
PazehTemplate:Sfnp Template:IPA 'keep clapping' Dental.
PolishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'volume' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp Many dialects Template:Lang Template:IPA 'mountain' Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and/or Template:IPAblink in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'oil' Laminal denti-alveolar.
RussianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'fat' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic<ref>Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'house' Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'sorrow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhala Template:Lang Template:IPA 'hand'
SloveneTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'type' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Slovak Template:Lang Template:IPA 'this' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovak phonology
Somali Template:Lang Template:IPA 'vomit' Dentalization of alveolar plosive.
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'tango' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
SwedishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'train' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Telugu Template:Lang Template:IPA 'wrong' Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Turkish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'horse' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'brother' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed – Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.Template:Sfnp
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'week' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'so much' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Occurrence of Template:IPA in various languages
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'thank you' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'five'
AfrikaansTemplate:Sfnp Template:Audio 'pot'
Arabic Egyptian Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'barrette' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Assyrian Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'house' Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Southern dialects θ is used.
Cantonese Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'fall' (v.) See Cantonese Phonology
Template:Lang/Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'iron'
Chechen Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'squirrel'
Danish StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'can' (n.) Usually transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA. Contrasts with the affricate Template:IPAblink or aspirated stop Template:IPA (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
DutchTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'language' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers tick Template:Audio-IPA 'tick' See English phonology
New YorkTemplate:Sfnp Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.Template:Sfnp
Hebrew Template:Lang Template:IPA 'image' see Modern Hebrew phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'raft' See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian Most speakers tabir [täbɪr] 'curtain' Commonly [t̪] by other speakers.
Kabardian Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'five'
Khmer Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'tea' See Khmer phonology
Korean Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'bamboo forest' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern Template:Lang Template:IPA 'you' See Kurdish phonology
Central Template:Lang Template:IPA 'forehead'
Southern Template:Lang Template:IPA
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'thin' Less often voiced Template:IPAblink. It is usually transcribed Template:IPA, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayalam Template:Lang Template:IPA 'wind' Contrasts Template:IPA.
Maltese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'true'
Mandarin Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'ground' See Mandarin Phonology
Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'ladder/stairs'
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'elderly'
NunggubuyuTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'greedy'
NuosuTemplate:Which Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'place' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Portuguese<ref>Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref> Some dialects Template:Lang Template:IPA 'thing' (pejorative) Allophone before alveolar Template:IPAslink. In other dialects Template:IPA takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology
Tagalog Template:Lang Template:IPA 'sweet' See Tagalog phonology
Thai Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'eye' Contrasts with an aspirated form.
West Frisian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'tooth' See West Frisian phonology

Postalveolar

Template:Infobox IPA

Occurrence of Template:IPA
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bengali<ref name="mazumdar">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'taka' Apical postalveolar;<ref name="mazumdar"/> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Hindustani<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="tiwari">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang/ Template:Lang Template:IPA 'hat' Apical postalveolar
Nepali Template:Lang Template:IPA 'team' Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology
Odia Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'crepe jasmine' Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Yele Template:Lang Template:IPA 'tongue' Contrasts Template:IPA.

Variable

Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Modern Standard Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration Template:IPA 'fig' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology
English Broad South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp talk Template:IPA 'talk' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
ScottishTemplate:Sfnp Template:IPA
WelshTemplate:Sfnp Template:IPA
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'daughter' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
GreekTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:IPA 'three' Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.Template:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
Malay Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'catch' More commonly dental. Often unreleased in syllable codas. See Malay phonology
Norwegian Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dance' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed Template:IPA. It may be partially voiced Template:IPAblink, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Persian<ref name="mah">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'berry' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.<ref name="mah"/> See Persian phonology
SlovakTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'that' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Slovak phonology

See also

Notes

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References

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