Voiced dental and alveolar nasals

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Template:Short description Template:For Template:Redirect Template:Technical Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

A voiced alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar nasals is Template:Angbr IPA.

The vast majority of languages have either an alveolar or dental nasal.Template:Citation needed There are a few languages that lack either sound but have Template:IPA, such as Yoruba, Palauan, and colloquial Samoan (however, these languages all have Template:IPA. An example of a language without Template:IPA and Template:IPA is Edo). There are some languages (e.g. Rotokas) that lack both Template:IPA and Template:IPA.

True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance, Dravidian, and Australian languages, n is often called "dental" in the literature. However, the rearmost contact, which gives a consonant its distinctive sound, is actually alveolar or denti-alveolar. The difference between the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth but the part of the tongue that makes contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), but in the Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).

However, there are languages with true apical dental n. It is found in the Mapuche language of South America, where it is actually interdental. A true dental generally occurs allophonically before Template:IPA in the languages that have it, as in English tenth. Similarly, a denti-alveolar allophone occurs in languages that have denti-alveolar stops, as in Spanish cinta.

Some languages contrast laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar nasals. For example, in the Malayalam pronunciation of Nārāyanan, the first n is dental, the second is retroflex, and the third alveolar.

A postalveolar nasal occurs in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages, including Djeebbana and Jingulu.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Features

File:Voiced alveolar nasal.svg

Features of a voiced alveolar nasal:

Template:Nasal stop

  • There are four specific variants of Template:IPA:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Template:Voiced Template:Nasal Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Dental

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'new' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'woman' Laminal denti-alveolar.
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to sing' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
Chuvash Template:Lang/Template:Lang [ʃɒn̪a] 'a fly'
Dutch Belgian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'niece' Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See Dutch phonology
English month Template:IPA 'month' Interdental. Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.
Esperanto Template:Lang Template:No wrap 'one who hopes' See Esperanto phonology
FinnishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:No wrap 'beach' Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.
FrenchTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'connection' Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See French phonology
GreekTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'flower' Interdental. Allophone of Template:IPA. See Modern Greek phonology
Hindustani Hindi Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'new' See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Urdu Template:Lang/Template:Lang
Hmong White Hmong Template:Script/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'eat'
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'grandma' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology
ItalianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to sing' Laminal denti-alveolar.Template:Sfnp Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Italian phonology
Irish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'nine' Velarized.
Japanese 涙/namida [n̪ämʲid̪ä] 'tear' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'shower' Laminal denti-alveolar.<ref name="fonetyka">Template:Cite web</ref>
Kazakh Template:Lang/Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'it seemed' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.
Kyrgyz Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'in the authority' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.
LatvianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'night' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
MacedonianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'nose' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology
Malayalam Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'pig' Interdental for some speakers. See Malayalam phonology
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'male cousin on father's side' Interdental.Template:Sfnp
Marathi Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'fingernail' See Marathi phonology
Nepali Template:Lang Template:IPA 'fraɡrance' Allophone of /n/ in neighbourhood of /t̪, t̪ʰ, d̪, d̪ʱ/.
PolishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'nose' Laminal denti-alveolar. Alveolar before Template:IPA. See Polish phonology
Portuguese GeneralTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'nostril' Laminal denti-alveolar. May nasalize preceding vowel (especially if stressed). Has Template:IPAblink as allophone, forming from clusters with Template:IPAblink, and before Template:IPA.
Vernacular Paulista<ref name="acervo">Template:In lang Unesp's digital collection – The deleting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="athena">Template:In lang The deletting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent – PDF</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA 'perceiving' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Template:IPAslink after a stressed nasal vowel in more stigmatized varieties. See Portuguese phonology
RomanianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'hazelnut' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Romanian phonology
Russian Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'our' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Scottish GaelicTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'nature' Velarized. Contrasts with alveolar Template:IPA and palatal Template:IPA.
Serbo-Croatian Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'student' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene Template:Lang Template:IPA 'con artist' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA. See Slovene phonology
Spanish Most dialects Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to sing' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA. See Spanish phonology
Swahili Bajuni dialect Template:Lang/Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'rat' Dental. Orthography is variable.<ref name="bajuni structure">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="bajuni lang">Template:Cite book</ref>
Tamil Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'country' See Tamil phonology
Telugu Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'To chew' Occurs as an allophone of anuswara when followed by dental stops.
UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'our' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/Template:Lang/Template:Lang [n̪imæ] 'what' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe Template:Lang/nėfnė Template:IPA 'light'
Arabic Standard Template:Lang/nūr Template:IPA 'light' See Arabic phonology
Assyrian ܢܘܪܐ/nōra Template:IPA] 'mirror'
Basque Template:Lang Template:IPA 'I'
Bengali Template:Lang/naak/nāk Template:IPA 'nose' See Bengali phonology
Cantonese 年/nìhn [ni:n˨˩] 'year' See Cantonese phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'snow' See Catalan phonology
Czech Template:Lang Template:IPA 'on' See Czech phonology
DutchTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'night' See Dutch phonology
English nice Template:Audio-IPA 'nice' See English phonology
Finnish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'I give' See Finnish phonology
German fünf Template:IPA 'five' See German phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/k'ani Template:IPA 'skin'
Greek Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'communion wine' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati Template:Lang/nahi Template:IPA 'no' See Gujarati phonology
HawaiianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to shake' See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrew Template:Lang/navon Template:IPA 'wise' See Modern Hebrew phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'dwarf' See Italian phonology
Irish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'peak' Palatalized.
Khmer Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:IPA 'kingdom' See Khmer phonology
Korean Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'Country' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern Template:Lang Template:IPA 'animal' See Kurdish phonology
Central Template:Lang/gîyânlabar Template:IPA
Southern Template:IPA
KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang/banan Template:IPA 'banana'
Malay Template:Lang Template:IPA 'cooked rice'
Malayalam Template:Lang Template:IPA 'elephant' See Malayalam phonology
Maltese Template:Lang Template:IPA 'truncheon'
Mandarin 難/难/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'difficult' See Mandarin phonology
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'enough'
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect Template:IPA 'sun'
Nepali Template:Lang/nakkal Template:IPA 'imitation' See Nepali phonology
Odia Template:Lang/nāka Template:IPA 'nose'
Okinawan Template:Lang Template:IPA 'potato' Can occur as onset, nucleus, or coda. Allophone of [m], [ŋ], and [ɴ] in coda, but phonemic elsewhere.
Persian نون/nun [nun] 'bread'
Pirahã Template:Lang Template:IPA 'you'
PolishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'punch' Allophone of Template:IPA (which is normally laminal denti-alveolar Template:IPAblink) before Template:IPA. See Polish phonology
Punjabi ਨੱਕ/nakk Template:IPA 'nose'
Scottish GaelicTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'breath' Contrasts with velarised dental Template:IPA and palatal Template:IPA.
Slovak Template:Lang Template:IPA 'on'
SloveneTemplate:Sfnp Common Template:Lang Template:IPA 'news'
Some speakers Template:Lang Template:IPA 'horse' See Slovene phonology
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'nothing' See Spanish phonology
Swahili ndizi [n̩dizi] 'banana'
Tagalog Template:Lang Template:IPA 'thin' Tagalog phonology
Thai Template:Lang/Template:Lang [nɔːn] 'sleep' See Thai phonology
Toki Pona noka [noka] 'foot'
Turkish Template:Lang Template:IPA 'reason' See Turkish phonology
Tamil Template:Lang/manasu Template:IPA 'mind', 'heart' See Tamil phonology
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'you're going' Occurs only before alveolar consonants. See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh Template:Lang Template:IPA 'grandmother' See Welsh phonology
Western Apache Template:Lang Template:Audio-IPA 'cache'
West Frisian Template:Lang Template:IPA 'neck'
Yi Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:IPA 'hurt'
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp nanɨɨ Template:IPA 'lady' contrasts with a fortis alveolar nasal that is not represented in the orthography.

Postalveolar

Template:See also

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA<ref>Valencian pronunciation: Template:IPA. What are transcribed Template:IPA in Catalan are actually alveolo-palatal sibilants Template:IPA.</ref> 'belly' Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA, may be alveolo-palatal instead.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
DjeebbanaTemplate:Sfnp barnmarramarlón̠a Template:IPA 'they two swam' Result of rhotic plus alveolar Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp
English AustralianTemplate:Sfnp enrol Template:IPA 'enrol' Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Australian English phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'angel' Palatalized laminal; allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English ScottishTemplate:Sfnp nice Template:IPA 'nice'

Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

WelshTemplate:Sfnp
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'lance' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'man' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Lang Template:IPA 'now' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology

See also

Notes

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References

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