Near-close near-front unrounded vowel

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA (a Latin small capital I). The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification.<ref>Sans-serif fonts with serifed Template:Big (despite having serifless capital I) include Arial, FreeSans and Lucida Sans.
On the other hand, Segoe and Tahoma place serifs on Template:Big as well as capital I.
Finally, both are serifless in Calibri.</ref> Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, Template:Angbr IPA (a Latin iota); use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA,Template:Sfnp though it may still be found in some modern writings.<ref>such as Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front unrounded vowel (transcribed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol Template:Angbr IPA is a near-close near-front unrounded vowel.Template:Sfnp

However, some languages have a vowel that is somewhat lower than the canonical value of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. It occurs in some dialects of English (such as Californian, General American and modern Received Pronunciation)Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp as well as some other languages (such as Icelandic),Template:Sfnp<ref name="einarsson">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> and it can be narrowly transcribed with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a lowered Template:Angbr IPA) or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a backed Template:Angbr IPA). For precision, this can be described as a close-mid near-front unrounded vowel.

Additionally, in some languages (such as Danish, Luxembourgish and Sotho),Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp there is a fully front near-close unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal Template:IPAalink and Template:IPAalink), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. For precision, this can be described as a near-close front unrounded vowel, or near-high front unrounded vowel. There may be phonological reasons not to transcribe the fully front variant with the symbol Template:Angbr IPA, which may incorrectly imply a relation to the close Template:Angbr IPA.Template:Citation needed

Sometimes, especially in broad transcription, this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol Template:Angbr IPA, which technically represents the close front unrounded vowel.

Features

Template:Near-close vowel Template:Front vowel The prototypical {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is somewhat further back (near-front) than the neighboring cardinal vowels. Template:Unrounded vowel

{{#invoke:Gallery|gallery}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abenaki nis main}} 'two' citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Abenaki phonology

Afrikaans StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'meter' main}} in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic KuwaitiTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (bint) main}} 'girl' Corresponds to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Classical Arabic. Contrasts with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Arabic phonology
LebaneseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (birké) main}} 'pool'
BurmeseTemplate:Sfnp မြစ် (mracʻ) main}} 'root' main}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized.Template:Sfnp
Catalan BalearicTemplate:Sfn {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'to look' Unstressed allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Catalan phonology
ValencianTemplate:Sfn
Standard Valencian lang}} main}} 'birth' main}} in the suffix -ixement. In non-standard variants also in contact with palatals and sometimes initial {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Catalan phonology
Chinese ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) main}} 'one' main}} (Template:IPAblink), which appears only in open syllables.Template:Sfnp
Czech BohemianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'they were' main}}Template:Sfnp and close-mid front {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp It corresponds to close front Template:IPAblink in Moravian Czech.Template:Sfnp See Czech phonology
Danish StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'whole' Fully front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp It is typically transcribed in IPA with Template:IPAalink - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.Template:Sfnp The Danish vowel transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA is pronounced similarly to the short {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Dutch StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'glance' main}},Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp but the Standard Belgian realization has also been described as close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp Some regional dialects have a vowel that is slightly closer to the cardinal Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
English CalifornianTemplate:Sfnp bit Template:Audio-IPA 'bit' Close-mid.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See English phonology
General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp
EstuaryTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} main}}, near-front {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, with other realizations also being possible.Template:Sfnp
Received PronunciationTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp main}} for younger speakers, near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}} for older speakers.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
General AustralianTemplate:Sfnp main}} Fully front;Template:Sfnp also described as close Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Australian English phonology
Inland Northern AmericanTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} main}}, near-close central Template:IPAblink, close-mid near-front {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and close-mid central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
PhiladelphianTemplate:Sfnp main}} and close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
WelshTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp main}} in Abercrave and Port Talbot, close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Cardiff.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
New ZealandTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp bed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'bed' main}}, near-close near-front {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, close-mid front Template:IPAblink and close-mid near-front Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp It is typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. In the cultivated variety, it is mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See New Zealand English phonology
Some Australian speakersTemplate:Sfnp Close-mid Template:IPAblink in General Australian, may be even lower for some other speakers.Template:Sfnp See Australian English phonology
Some South African speakersTemplate:Sfnp Used by some General and Broad speakers. In the Broad variety, it is usually lower Template:IPAblink, whereas in the General variety, it can be close-mid Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See South African English phonology
French QuebecTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'small' main}} in closed syllables.Template:Sfnp See Quebec French phonology
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'please' Close-mid; for some speakers, it may be as high as Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
HindustaniTemplate:Sfnp Hindi Template:Nowrap {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'intention' Hindustani phonology
Urdu Template:Nowrap
HiwTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'dolphin' main}} and with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to carry' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Hungarian phonology
IcelandicTemplate:Sfnp<ref name="einarsson"/> lang}} main}} 'friend' Close-mid.Template:Sfnp<ref name="einarsson"/> See Icelandic phonology
Kabiye lang}} main}} 'Kabiye' -ATR front vowel. See Kabiye language
Kazakh lang}} (bır) main}} 'one' Close-mid. See Kazakh phonology
LimburgishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'chicken' main}}Template:Sfnp or close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}},Template:Sfnp depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'leg' Fully front.Template:Sfnp Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay kecil main}} 'small' main}} in closed-final syllables. May be [[[:Template:IPA link]]] or [[[:Template:IPA link]]] depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology
NorwegianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'a little' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has been variously described as near-close front {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Sfnp and close front Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese BrazilianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'cine' main}} (can be epenthetic), {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Can be voiceless. See Portuguese phonology
RussianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (derevo) Template:Audio-IPA 'tree' Backness varies between fully front and near-front. It occurs only in unstressed syllables.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Russian phonology
Saterland FrisianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'dough' main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Near-close front {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the former case, close-mid near-front {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (Template:IPAblink).Template:Sfnp
Scottish GaelicTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'information' main}} before broad consonants and in unstressed syllables.
Sicilian<ref name=Hull>Template:Cite book</ref> lang}} main}} 'Where' Unstressed allophone of Template:IPAblink. See Sicilian vowel system
SinhalaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} (pirimi) main}} 'male' Fully front;Template:Sfnp typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
SlovakTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'fast' Typically fully front.Template:Sfnp See Slovak phonology
SothoTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to attempt' Fully front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.Template:Sfnp See Sotho phonology
Spanish Eastern AndalusianTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'my' (pl.) Fully front. It corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology
MurcianTemplate:Sfnp
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'herring' main}},Template:Sfnp near-close front {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Sfnp and close front Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology
TemneTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'pick' Fully front;Template:Sfnp typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'customer' main}} described variously as "word-final"Template:Sfnp and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian<ref>Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14</ref>Template:Sfnp lang}} (yrij) main}} 'Iriy' See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh mynydd main}} 'mountain' See Welsh phonology
YorubaTemplate:Sfnp kini main}} 'what' Fully front; typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. It is nasalized, and may be close Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp

Notes

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References

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