Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps
(Redirected from Voiced alveolar tap)
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A voiced alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a dental, alveolar, or postalveolar tap or flap is Template:Angbr IPA.
The terms tap and flap are often used interchangeably. Peter Ladefoged proposed the distinction that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, and a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> That distinction between the alveolar tap and flap can be written in the IPA with tap Template:Angbr IPA and flap Template:Angbr IPA, the 'retroflex' symbol being used for the one that starts with the tongue tip curled back behind the alveolar ridge. The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap Template:IPA) and "party" (retroflex Template:IPAblink).
For linguists who do not make the distinction, alveolars and dentals are typically called taps and other articulations flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.
As a phoneme, the sound is analyzed as an rhotic consonant. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either an alveolar stop (Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, or both) or a rhotic consonant.
If an alveolar flap is the only rhotic consonant in the language, it may be transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA in broad transcription, despite that symbol technically representing a trill.
A voiced alveolar tapped fricative reported from some languages is actually a very brief voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative.
Voiced alveolar tap and flap
Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA
Features
Features of a voiced alveolar tap or flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
- Its place of articulation is dental or alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Egyptian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'leg' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
| Lebanese | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'wages' | ||
| Moroccan | Template:Lang / rma | Template:IPA | 'he threw' | ||
| South Iraqi | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'I want' | ||
| Aragonese | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'Aragonese' | Contrasts with Template:IPAslink. | |
| Armenian | Eastern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'minute' | Contrasts with Template:IPAslink in all positions. |
| Assyrian | ܪܫܐ rìsha | Template:IPA | 'head' | Contrasts with ‘dark’ R. | |
| Asturian | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'hour' | Contrasts with Template:IPAslink. | |
| Basque | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'look' | Contrasts with Template:IPAslink. See Basque phonology | |
| Bengali | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'again' | Main realisation of /r/. Corresponds to [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] in others and may occur word-medially and finally against [r]. See Bengali phonology | |
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'car' | Apical postalveolar.<ref name="mazumdar">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Bengali phonology | ||
| Catalan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'trick' | Contrasts with Template:IPAslink. See Catalan phonology | |
| Danish<ref name="gr157">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="basb126">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'Nordic' | Possible realization of intervocalic Template:IPA between phonetic vowels.<ref name="gr157" /><ref name="basb126" /> See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'reason' | Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Cockney<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | better | Template:IPA | 'better' | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA. In free variation with [[[:Template:IPA]] ~ Template:IPA ~ Template:IPA]. See Flapping |
| Australian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:IPA | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA and Template:IPA. See Australian English phonology, New Zealand English phonology and Flapping | |||
| New Zealand<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | |||||
| Dublin<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Audio-IPA | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA and Template:IPA, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be Template:IPA instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See English phonology and Flapping | |||
| North America<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | |||||
| Ulster | |||||
| West Country | |||||
| Irish | three | Template:IPA | 'three' | Conservative accents. Corresponds to [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link] in other accents. | |
| Scottish<ref name="Ogden2009">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Most speakers. Others use [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link]. | ||||
| Older Received Pronunciation<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Allophone of Template:IPA | ||||
| Scouse<ref name="Ogden2009" /> | |||||
| South African<ref name="Ogden2009" /> | Broad speakers. Can be [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] instead | ||||
| Esperanto | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'one who hopes' | Usually a flap Template:IPAblink, but can be a trilled Template:IPA link. See Esperanto phonology | |
| Finnish | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'rat' | Occurs in Häme (Tampere) dialect, contrasts with Template:IPA link in standard Finnish. See Finnish phonology | |
| Greek<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration | Template:IPA | 'thigh' | Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of Template:IPAslink. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gokana<ref name="brosnahan">Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'we' | Apical postalveolar. Allophone of Template:IPA, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name="brosnahan" /> | |
| Hindustani | Template:Lang/Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'My' | Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. See Hindi phonology | |
| Template:Lang/Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'big' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.<ref name="tiwari">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Hindustani phonology | ||
| Hungarian | kar | Template:IPA | 'arm' | Allophone of /r/ | |
| Irish | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'man' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian | Standard | Era | Template:IPA | Era | Intervocalically |
| Sicilian | Drago/Dragu | Template:IPA | Dragon | ||
| Kinyarwanda | u Rwanda | Template:IPA | 'Rwanda' | ||
| Japanese | Template:Lang /Template:Lang Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'heart' | Template:Sfnp Varies with Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Japanese phonology | |
| Kazakh | Template:Lang/Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'give' | See Kazakh phonology | |
| Korean | 여름 / Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'summer' | Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/ | |
| Malay | راتوس / ratus | Template:IPA | 'hundred' | Common realisation of /r/. May be trill [[[:Template:IPA]]] or postalveolar approximant [[[:Template:IPA]]]. See Malay phonology | |
| Māori | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'house' | Sometimes trilled. | |
| Marathi | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'wind' | ||
| Nepali<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'star' | Intervocalic allophone of /r/. See Nepali phonology | |
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'rent' | Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of Template:IPA.<ref name="khatiwada374">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Nepali phonology | ||
| Norwegian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'only' | May be realised as a trill Template:IPA, approximant Template:IPA or uvular Template:IPA depending on dialect. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Odia | Template:Lang/Template:Transliteration | Template:IPA | 'night' | ||
| Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'car' | Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of Template:IPA.<ref name="masica">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | ||
| Polish | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'which' | Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'dish' | Dental to retroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with Template:IPAslink, with its guttural allophones. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'false promise' | See Punjabi phonology. |
| Shahmukhi | Template:Lang | ||||
| Scottish Gaelic | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'big' | Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of r. Often transcribed simply as Template:IPA. The initial unlenited broad form is a trill Template:IPA, while the slender form is Template:IPA (Template:IPA in some dialects). See Scottish Gaelic phonology. | |
| Shipibo<ref name="val282">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to break' | Apical postalveolar; possible realization of Template:IPA.<ref name="val282" /> | |
| Spanish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'expensive' | Contrasts with Template:IPAslink. See Spanish phonology | |
| Tagalog | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'joke' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Tamil | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'tree' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Thai | Some speakers | พระ / phra | Template:IPA | 'monk' | |
| Turkish<ref name="YavuzBalcı">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'interval' | Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere.<ref name="YavuzBalcı" /> See Turkish phonology | |
| Uzbek<ref name="Sjoberg">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang/Template:Lang/Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'rain' | Denti-alveolar.<ref name="Sjoberg" /> | |
| West Coast Bajau<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to tell' | Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position. | |
| Wu Chinese | Xuanzhou Wu | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'Tongling' | Found in various Xuanzhou localities, with that of Tongling provided. Tones not notated due to complexity of tone sandhi. Equivalent to Template:IPA in other lects.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> |
Alveolar nasal tap and flap
Features
Features of an alveolar nasal tap or flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
Template:Alveolar Template:Voiced Template:Nasal Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Estuary | twenty | Template:Audio-IPA | 'twenty' | Allophone of unstressed intervocalic Template:IPA for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. See English phonology, North American English regional phonology and flapping |
| North American<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |||||
| Guarani<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'good' | Nasalized allophone of Template:IPA as a result of nasal harmony. See Guarani language § Nasal harmony | |
See also
Notes
References
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