Voiced palatal lateral approximant

A voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a rotated lowercase letter Template:Angbr, not to be confused with the Greek lowercase letter lambda Template:Angbr.

Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal: the sound is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, citing Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> or postalveolo-prepalatal.Template:Sfnp None of the 13 languages investigated by Template:Harvcoltxt, many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal.Template:Sfnp That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.Template:Sfnp

What is transcribed Template:Angbr IPA is often actually a voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound, which is one reason that Template:Angbr IPA is used. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed Template:Angbr IPA. There is a non-IPA letter, Template:Unichar; Template:Color (Template:Angbr, plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives Template:Angle brackets), which is used especially in Sinological circles.

A voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart Template:IPA in the Xumi language spoken in China.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Features

Features of a voiced palatal lateral approximant:

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Malsia e Madhe	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'flower'
	Arbëresh
	Arvanitika
Aragonese		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'needle'
Aromanian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rabbit'
Astur-Leonese	Asturian	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'language'	Where Template:IPA is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known as Template:Lang, its corresponding sounds are spelled Template:Angbr.
	Leonese
	Mirandese	Template:Lang	Template:IPA
Aymara		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'sad'
Basque		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'bulb'
Breton		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'family'
Bulgarian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'love'	Alveolo-palatal. See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'lake'	Alveolo-palatal.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
	Eastern Aragon	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'key'	Allophone of Template:IPA in consonant clusters.
Chipaya		lloqa	Template:IPA	'bank'	See Chipaya languages
English	Australian	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'million'	Frequent realization of the sequence Template:IPA
	Canadian (Atlantic and Newfoundland)
	County Donegal<ref name="stenson">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>				Realization of the sequence Template:IPA.<ref name="stenson"/>
	General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp				Common realization of the sequence Template:IPA; sometimes realized as Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See English phonology
	Hiberno-English				Common realization of the sequence Template:IPA
	New England
	New York City
	New Zealand
	Received Pronunciation
	South African
	Southern American
	Philippine	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'gorilla'	Common realization of Template:Angbr between vowels due to Spanish influence.Template:Cn
Enindhilyagwa		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'place'	Laminal post-alveolar
FaroeseTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to carve'	Allophone of Template:IPA before palatal consonants.Template:Sfnp Sometimes voiceless Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology
Franco-Provençal		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'give'
French	Some dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'butterfly'	Corresponds to Template:IPA in modern standard French. See French phonology
Galician	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'insulated'	Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadays yeístas<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> because of influence from Spanish
Greek		Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'sun'	Postalveolar.Template:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian	Northern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'hole'	Alveolo-palatal.Template:Sfnp Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging Template:IPA into Template:IPA. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology
Irish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'leaf'	Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar Template:IPA. See Irish phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'son'	Alveolo-palatal.Template:Sfnp Realized as fricative Template:IPAblink in a large number of accents.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt: "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of Template:IPA, creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."</ref> See Italian phonology
Ivilyuat		Ivil̃uɂat	Template:IPA	'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language')
Jaqaru		allaka	Template:IPA	'pumpkin'	See Jaqaru Language
Jebero		llinllin<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	Template:IPA	'name'	See Jebero Language
Korean	Seoul dialect	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'qianlima'	Template:IPA is palatalized to Template:IPA before Template:IPA and before palatal consonant allophones<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Latvian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'people'	See Latvian phonology
Mapudungun		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'nine'	See Mapuche language
Norwegian	Northern and central dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'all'	See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to reflect'	See Occitan phonology
Paiwan	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'banana'	See Paiwan language
Paez		silli	Template:IPA	'reed'	See Paezan languages
Portuguese	Standard	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'garlic'	Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese.Template:Sfnp May instead be Template:IPA, Template:IPAblink (Northeast) or Template:IPAblink (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Portuguese phonology
	Many dialects<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'sandal'	Possible realization of post-stressed Template:IPA plus vowel.
QuechuaTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tongue'
Romanian	Transylvanian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'spoon'	Corresponds to Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Fix in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Romansh	Sursilvan	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'son'
	Sutsilvan
	Surmiran
	Puter	Template:Lang	Template:IPA
	Vallader
	Rumantsch Grischun
Scottish GaelicTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'return'	Palatal or palatalised apical dental. Can manifest as Template:IPA, or among some younger speakers, as Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian<ref name="SOWL">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	'swing (seat)'	Palato-alveolar.<ref name="SOWL" /> See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sissano		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'fish'
Slovak		Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'to love'	Merges with Template:IPA in western dialects. See Slovak phonology
Spanish<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive ALPI</ref>	Andean (from Argentina to Colombia)	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'horse'	Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with Template:IPAslink, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology. "Caballo" with yeísmo is pronounced Template:IPA
	Castilian, Aragonese and Catalonian outside of large citiesTemplate:Sfnp
	Central areas in Extremadura
	Eastern and southwestern ManchegoTemplate:Cn
	Murcian
	Paraguayan<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	Philippine
	Very few areas in Andalusia
Xumi	LowerTemplate:Sfnp	Template:IPA		'musk deer'	Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless Template:IPA.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
	UpperTemplate:Sfnp	Template:IPA		'correct, right'

See also

• Yeísmo, a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with Template:IPAc-es
• Index of phonetics articles

References

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