1954 United States Senate elections

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox election The 1954 United States Senate elections was a midterm election in the first term of Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency. The 32 Senate seats of Class 2 were contested in regular elections, and six special elections were held to fill vacancies. Eisenhower's Republican party lost a net of two seats to the Democratic opposition. This small change was just enough to give Democrats control of the chamber with the help of the Independent (Wayne Morse of Oregon) who at the start of this Congress in January 1955 agreed to caucus with them; he later officially joined the party in April 1955.

A contribution to the Republican reversal was backlash against GOP-driven McCarthyism and the numerous controversies it spawned, including the Army–McCarthy hearings. Other factors included a comment made in Detroit by Defense Secretary Charles Wilson, former president of General Motors, equating unemployed auto workers with "lazy kennel dogs who sit... and yell."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

However, it has been pointed out that losses in the midterm election were considerably less than the White House party generally faces in the midterm elections, and this has been attributed to the overall popularity of President Eisenhower, who participated in the campaign along with Vice-President Richard Nixon and other members of the cabinet.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The elections resulted in a divided government that continued to the end of Eisenhower's presidency and a Democratic majority that would last until 1981. Template:As of, this is the last Senate election cycle in which a state (both Nebraska and North Carolina) had to hold three simultaneous elections (two special elections and one regular election) due to the near-simultaneous deaths of both incumbent Senators.

Results summary

↓

style="background:Template:Party color; width:50%" | 48	style="background:Template:Party color; width:1.04%" | 1	style="background:Template:Party color; width:48.96%" | 47
Democratic	I	Republican

Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.

Parties		Template:Party color cell	Template:Party color cell	Template:Party color cell	Template:Party color cell	Total
		Democratic	Republican	Independent	Other
Last elections (1952)		47	Template:Party shading/Republican | 49	0	0	96
Before these elections		46	Template:Party shading/Republican | 49	1	0	96
Not up		24	Template:Party shading/Republican | 33	0	1	58
Up		Template:Party shading/Democratic | 22	16	0	—	38
	Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic | 20	12	—	—	32
	Template:Small	0	Template:Party shading/Republican | 1	—	—	1
	Template:Small	2	Template:Party shading/Republican | 3	—	—	5
Incumbent retired		2	Template:Party shading/Republican | 4	—	—	6
	Template:Small	1	Template:Party shading/Republican | 3	—	—	4
	Template:Small	Template:Decrease1 Republican replaced by Template:Increase1 Democrat Template:Decrease1 Democrat replaced by Template:Increase1 Republican		—	—	2
	Template:Small	2	Template:Party shading/Republican | 4	0	0	6
Incumbent ran		Template:Party shading/Democratic | 20	12	—	—	32
	Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic | 17	7	—	—	24
	Template:Small	colspan=2 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Decrease4 Republicans replaced by Template:Increase4 Democrats Template:Decrease2 Democrats replaced by Template:Increase2 Republicans	—	—	6
	Template:Small	1	1	—	—	2
	Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic | 22	10	0	0	32
Total elected		Template:Party shading/Democratic | 24	14	0	0	38
Net change		Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Increase2	Template:Decrease2	Template:Steady	Template:Steady	2
Nationwide vote		Template:Party shading/Democratic | 15,137,069	12,585,368	35,661	323,147	28,081,245
	Share	Template:Party shading/Democratic | 53.90%	44.82%	0.13%	1.15%	100%
Result		Template:Party shading/Democratic | 48	47	1	0	96

Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives<ref name="Clerk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Gains, losses and holds

Retirements

One Republican and one Democrat retired instead of seeking re-election. Two Republicans and one Democrat also retired instead of finishing the unexpired term.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Colorado	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname
Nebraska (regular)	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname
Nebraska (special, Class 1)	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname
Nebraska (special, Class 2)	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname
New Jersey	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname
South Carolina	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname
Wyoming	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname

Defeats

Three Republicans and two Democrats sought re-election, and two Republicans and one Democrat also sought election to finish the unexpired term, but lost in the primary or general election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Iowa	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname
Kentucky	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname
Michigan	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname
Nevada (special)	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname
New Hampshire (special)	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname
North Carolina (reg. and sp., Cl. 2)	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname
Ohio (special)	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname
Oregon	Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname

Party entrance

Wayne Morse (I-OR) who caucused with the Democrats, officially joined the party in April 1955.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Oregon	Template:Party shading/Independent | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname

Post-election changes

State	Senator	Replaced by
Kentucky	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname
South Carolina	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname
West Virginia	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname

Change in composition

Before the elections

		Template:Party shading/Democratic | D1	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D2	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D3	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D4	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D5	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D6	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D7	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D8
width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D18	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D17	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D16	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D15	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D14	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D13	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D12	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D11	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D10	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D9
Template:Party shading/Democratic | D19	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D20	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D21	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D22	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D23	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D24	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D25 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D26 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D27 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D28 Template:Small Template:Small
Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D38 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D37 Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D36 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D35 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D34 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D33 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D32 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D31 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D30 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D29 Template:Small Template:Small
Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D39 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D40 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D41 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D42 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D43 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D44 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D45 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D46 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Independent | I1	rowspan=2 Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R49 Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small
Majority →
Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R39 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R40 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R41 Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R42 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R43 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R44 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R45 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R46 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R47 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R48 Template:Small Template:Small
Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R38 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R37 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R36 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R35 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R34 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican | R33	Template:Party shading/Republican | R32	Template:Party shading/Republican | R31	Template:Party shading/Republican | R30	Template:Party shading/Republican | R29
Template:Party shading/Republican | R19	Template:Party shading/Republican | R20	Template:Party shading/Republican | R21	Template:Party shading/Republican | R22	Template:Party shading/Republican | R23	Template:Party shading/Republican | R24	Template:Party shading/Republican | R25	Template:Party shading/Republican | R26	Template:Party shading/Republican | R27	Template:Party shading/Republican | R28
Template:Party shading/Republican | R18	Template:Party shading/Republican | R17	Template:Party shading/Republican | R16	Template:Party shading/Republican | R15	Template:Party shading/Republican | R14	Template:Party shading/Republican | R13	Template:Party shading/Republican | R12	Template:Party shading/Republican | R11	Template:Party shading/Republican | R10	Template:Party shading/Republican | R9
		Template:Party shading/Republican | R1	Template:Party shading/Republican | R2	Template:Party shading/Republican | R3	Template:Party shading/Republican | R4	Template:Party shading/Republican | R5	Template:Party shading/Republican | R6	Template:Party shading/Republican | R7	Template:Party shading/Republican | R8

Results of the elections

		Template:Party shading/Democratic | D1	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D2	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D3	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D4	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D5	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D6	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D7	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D8
width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D18	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D17	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D16	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D15	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D14	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D13	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D12	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D11	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D10	width=10% Template:Party shading/Democratic | D9
Template:Party shading/Democratic | D19	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D20	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D21	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D22	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D23	Template:Party shading/Democratic | D24	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D25 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D26 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D27 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D28 Template:Small Template:Small
Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D38 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D37 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D36 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D35 Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D34 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D33 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D32 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D31 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D30 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D29 Template:Small Template:Small
Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D39 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D40 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D41 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D42 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D43 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D44 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D45 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D46 Template:Small Template:SmallTemplate:Efn	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D47 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/active | D48 Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small
Majority with Independent in caucus ↑									rowspan=2 Template:Party shading/Independent | I1
Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R39 Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R40 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R41 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R42 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R43 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R44 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R45 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R46 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R47 Template:Small Template:SmallTemplate:Efn
Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R38 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R37 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R36 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R35 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/active | R34 Template:Small Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican | R33	Template:Party shading/Republican | R32	Template:Party shading/Republican | R31	Template:Party shading/Republican | R30	Template:Party shading/Republican | R29
Template:Party shading/Republican | R19	Template:Party shading/Republican | R20	Template:Party shading/Republican | R21	Template:Party shading/Republican | R22	Template:Party shading/Republican | R23	Template:Party shading/Republican | R24	Template:Party shading/Republican | R25	Template:Party shading/Republican | R26	Template:Party shading/Republican | R27	Template:Party shading/Republican | R28
Template:Party shading/Republican | R18	Template:Party shading/Republican | R17	Template:Party shading/Republican | R16	Template:Party shading/Republican | R15	Template:Party shading/Republican | R14	Template:Party shading/Republican | R13	Template:Party shading/Republican | R12	Template:Party shading/Republican | R11	Template:Party shading/Republican | R10	Template:Party shading/Republican | R9
		Template:Party shading/Republican | R1	Template:Party shading/Republican | R2	Template:Party shading/Republican | R3	Template:Party shading/Republican | R4	Template:Party shading/Republican | R5	Template:Party shading/Republican | R6	Template:Party shading/Republican | R7	Template:Party shading/Republican | R8

Key:	align=center Template:Party shading/Democratic | D# Democratic align=center Template:Party shading/Independent | I# Independent align=center Template:Party shading/Republican | R# Republican

Race summaries

Special elections during the 83rd Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1954 or before January 3, 1955; ordered by election date, then state, then class.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
California (Class 3)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1953 Template:Small	Interim appointee elected November 2, 1954.	Template:Plainlist
Nebraska (Class 1)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1954 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Republican hold.	Template:Plainlist
Nebraska (Class 2)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1954 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Winner was not elected to the next term; see below. Republican hold.	Template:Plainlist
Nevada (Class 3)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1954 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Democratic gain.	Template:Plainlist
New Hampshire (Class 3)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1953 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Interim appointee lost nomination. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Republican hold.	Template:Plainlist
North Carolina (Class 2)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1953 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/Hold | Interim appointee lost nomination. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to next term; see below.	Template:Plainlist
North Carolina (Class 3)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1954 Template:Small	Interim appointee elected November 2, 1954.	Template:Plainlist
Ohio (Class 3)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1953 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Republican | Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Republican gain.	Template:Plainlist
Wyoming (Class 2)	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1954 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 2, 1954. Winner also elected to the next term; see below. Democratic gain.	Template:Plainlist

Races leading to the 84th Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on January 3, 1955; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	[[1946 United States Senate special election in Alabama|1946 Template:Small]] 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Arkansas	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Colorado	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1936 1942 1948	Template:Party shading/Republican | Incumbent retired to run for Governor. Republican gain.	Template:Plainlist
Delaware	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Georgia	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	[[1932 United States Senate special election in Georgia|1932 Template:Small]] 1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Idaho	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	[[1946 United States Senate special election in Idaho|1946 Template:Small]] 1948 Template:Small 1949 Template:Small [[1950 United States Senate special election in Idaho|1950 Template:Small]]	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Illinois	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Iowa	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	[[1936 United States Senate special election in Iowa|1936 Template:Small]] 1938 1944 Template:Small 1948	Template:Party shading/Republican | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	Template:Plainlist
Kansas	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Kentucky	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	[[1946 United States Senate special election in Kentucky|1946 Template:Small]] 1948 Template:Small [[1952 United States Senate special election in Kentucky|1952 Template:Small]]	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	Template:Plainlist
Louisiana	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Maine	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Massachusetts	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	[[1944 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|1944 Template:Small]] 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Michigan	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1942 1948	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	Template:Plainlist
Minnesota	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/DFL | DFL	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Mississippi	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Montana	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	[[1934 United States Senate special election in Montana|1934 Template:Small]] 1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Nebraska	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	[[1954 United States Senate special elections in Nebraska|1954 Template:Small]]	Template:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Interim appointee retired. Republican hold. Winner was not elected to finish the term; see above. Successor seated January 1, 1955.	Template:Plainlist
New Hampshire	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
New Jersey	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1948	Template:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	Template:Plainlist
New Mexico	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
North Carolina	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1953 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/Hold | Interim appointee lost nomination. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above.	Template:Plainlist
Oklahoma	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Oregon	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1944 Template:Small [[1944 United States Senate special election in Oregon|1944 Template:Small]] 1948	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	Template:Plainlist
Rhode Island	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1936 1942 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
South Carolina	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1954 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic/Hold | Interim appointee retired. Democratic hold. Incumbent then resigned December 23, 1954, to give successor preferential seniority. Winner appointed December 24 to finish the term.	Template:Plainlist
South Dakota	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1948 1948 Template:Small	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Tennessee	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Texas	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Virginia	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	[[1946 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1946 Template:Small]] 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
West Virginia	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	1922 1928 Template:Small 1930 1936 1941 Template:Small 1948	Incumbent re-elected.	Template:Plainlist
Wyoming	Template:Sortname	Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1954 Template:Small	Template:Party shading/Democratic | Interim appointee retired. Democratic gain. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above.	Template:Plainlist

Closest races

Twelve races had a margin of victory under 10%:

State	Party of winner	Margin
Ohio (special)	data-sort-value=1 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip)	0.12%
New Jersey	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	0.19%
Oregon	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip)	0.4%Template:Efn
Montana	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	0.8%
Massachusetts	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	1.5%
Michigan	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip)	1.9%
Colorado	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip)	2.6%
Wyoming	data-sort-value=1 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip)	3.2%
Iowa	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip)	4.7%
California (special)	data-sort-value=1 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican	7.7%
Kentucky	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip)	9.0%
West Virginia	data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic	9.6%

Alabama

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Arkansas

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California (special)

Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Following the resignation of Richard Nixon to assume the vice presidency, Governor Earl Warren appointed Thomas Kuchel to Nixon's seat; Kuchel assumed the office on January 2, 1953.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Colorado

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Delaware

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Georgia

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Idaho

Template:Infobox election Template:See alsoIn Idaho, Republican Incumbent Henry Dworshak defeated Glen H. Taylor, who had previously represented Idaho in the Senate from 1945 to 1951. Allegations of Communist ties were used against Taylor by Dworshak and other Republicans to win the election.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box majority no change Template:Election box turnout no change Template:Election box hold with party link no change

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Illinois

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Iowa

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Kansas

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Kentucky

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Louisiana

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Maine

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Massachusetts

Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also In Massachusetts, Republican Incumbent Leverett Saltonstall defeated his challengers.

Democrat Foster Furcolo (Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts since 1952 and member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district from 1949 to 1952) beat John I. Fitzgerald (former member of the Boston City Council and Democratic candidate for Senate in 1948) and Joseph L. Murphy (former member of the Massachusetts Senate).

Republican incumbent Leverett Saltonstall (United States senator since 1945 and Governor of Massachusetts from 1939 to 1945) was renominated. Other nominees included Socialist Workers Thelma Ingersoll (ran for Senate in 1952.<ref>Thelma Ingersoll at ourcampaigns.com</ref>) and Prohibition Harold J. Ireland (candidate for Treasurer and Receiver-General in 1948 and 1952).

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Michigan

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Minnesota

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Mississippi

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Montana

Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

In Montana incumbent senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936, 1942, and 1948, ran for re-election.

Murray won the Democratic primary against trivial opponents (farmer Ray E. Gulick and Sam G. Feezell). Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box total no change

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Republican Wesley A. D'Ewart United States Congressman from Montana's 2nd congressional district beat Robert Yellowtail, former Superintendent of the Crow Indian Reservation, for the GOP nomination. Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box total no change

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A contentious and close election ensued, but ultimately, Murray was able to narrowly win re-election over D'Ewart to a final term in the Senate.

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Nebraska

Template:See also Nebraska had three Senate elections on the ballot. Both incumbents had died in the span of three months, leading to appointments and special elections.

Nebraska (special, class 1)

Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Incumbent Republican Hugh A. Butler died July 1, 1954, and governor Robert B. Crosby appointed Republican Samuel W. Reynolds on July 3 to continue the term. Reynolds did not run to finish the term, and Republican Roman Hruska won the seat in November to finish the term ending in 1959.

Nebraska (special, class 2)

Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Second-term Republican Kenneth S. Wherry was re-elected in 1948, but died on November 29, 1951. Governor Val Peterson appointed Fred A. Seaton to fill the seat temporarily. After Seaton chose not to run to continue the term, former governor Dwight P. Griswold elected to fill the remaining two years of the term, but died April 12, 1954, and Republican Eva Bowring was appointed April 16 by governor Crosby to continue Wherry's term. In November, Republican Hazel Abel was elected to finish the term.

Nebraska (regular)

Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Although elected to finish the class 2 term, Abel did not run for the next term, and Republican Carl Curtis was elected in November to the next term.

On December 31, 1954, Abel resigned and Curtis was appointed January 1, 1955, two days ahead of his elected term.

Nevada (special)

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New Hampshire

New Hampshire (regular)

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New Hampshire (special)

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New Jersey

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New Mexico

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North Carolina

Like Nebraska, North Carolina, had three elections on the ballot. Both senators had died during the 83rd Congress, leading to appointments and special elections.

North Carolina (special, class 2)

Democrat Willis Smith died June 26, 1953, and Democrat Alton A. Lennon was appointed July 10 to continue the term. In November, Lennon lost the nomination to Democrat W. Kerr Scott to finish the term.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Scott took office November 29, 1954.

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North Carolina (regular)

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Infobox election

Democrat W. Kerr Scott was also elected to the next term, which would begin January 3, 1955.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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North Carolina (special, class 3)

Democrat Clyde R. Hoey died May 12, 1954, and Democrat Sam Ervin was appointed June 5 to continue the term. In November, Ervin was elected to finish the term.

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Ohio (special)

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Oklahoma

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Oregon

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Rhode Island

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South Carolina

Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

In South Carolina, Senator Burnet R. Maybank did not face a primary challenge in the summer and was therefore renominated as the Democratic Party's nominee for the election in the fall. However, his death on September 1 left the Democratic Party without a nominee and the executive committee decided to nominate state Senator Edgar A. Brown as their candidate for the election. Many South Carolinians were outraged by the party's decision to forgo a primary election and former Governor Strom Thurmond entered the race as a write-in candidate. He easily won the election and became the first U.S. senator to be elected by a write-in vote (William Knowland of California in 1946 was technically the first, but the ballots in that election were blank with no candidates listed, so essentially every candidate was running a write-in campaign).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Sitting Senator Burnet R. Maybank entered the 1954 contest without a challenge in the Democratic primary nor in the general election. His unexpected death on September 1 caused panic and confusion within the hierarchy of the state Democratic party because the state law required that a party's nominee be certified by September 3. Hours after Maybank's funeral, the state Democratic executive committee met in secret and chose state Senator Edgar A. Brown of Barnwell County as the party's nominee for the general election. Not only was Brown a part of the "Barnwell Ring", but he was also a member of the executive committee.

The state Democratic Party's decision to choose a candidate without holding a special primary election drew widespread criticism across the state. On September 3, The Greenville News ran an editorial advocating that a primary election be called and several newspapers across the state followed suit. At least six county Democratic committees repudiated the action by the state committee and called for a primary election. Despite repeated calls for a primary, the state executive committee voted against holding a primary because they did not think that there was enough time before the general election to hold a primary election.

Immediately after the executive committee voted against holding a primary election, former Governor Strom Thurmond and lumberman Marcus Stone announced their intention to run as Democratic write-in candidates. Thurmond and his supporters stated that the executive committee had several legal alternatives as opposed to the outright appointment of state Senator Brown. In addition, Thurmond promised that if he were elected he would resign in 1956 so that the voters could choose a candidate in the regular primary for the remaining four years of the term.

Thurmond received support from Governor James F. Byrnes and from those who backed his Presidential bid as a Dixiecrat in the 1948 Presidential election. Thurmond framed the race as a "moral issue: democracy versus committee rule"<ref>Lander, Ernest: A History of South Carolina 1865-1960, page 183. University of South Carolina Press, 1970.</ref> and his write-in campaign was repeatedly assisted by every newspaper in the state, except for those in Anderson. For instance, The News and Courier devoted its front page on November 2 to show voters a sample ballot and it also provided detailed instructions on how to cast a write-in vote. Not only that, but the newspaper also printed an editorial on the front page giving precise reasons why voters should vote for Thurmond instead of Brown.

On the other hand, Brown was supported by the Democratic party regulars and he also gained the endorsement of Senator Olin D. Johnston. Brown based his campaign entirely on the issue of party loyalty, stressing that Thurmond was a Republican ally because he had voted for President Eisenhower in 1952.

Marcus A. Stone, a lumberman in Florence and Dillon, was a candidate in previous Democratic primaries for governor and senator. He did very little campaigning for the general election.

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South Dakota

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Tennessee

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Texas

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Virginia

Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

In Virginia, Democratic incumbent Senator A. Willis Robertson defeated Independent Democrat Charles Lewis and Social Democrat Clarke Robb and was re-elected to a third term in office.

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West Virginia

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Wyoming

File:JosephCOMahoney.jpg

Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney

Template:See also There were two elections the same day to the same seat, due to the June 19, 1954, death of Democrat Lester C. Hunt. Both elections were won by Democratic former senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney.

Wyoming (special)

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Republican Edward D. Crippa was appointed June 24, 1954, to continue the term, pending a November 2 special election.

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Wyoming (regular)

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O'Mahoney would serve out the remainder of Hunt's term followed by this one term and then retire after 1960.

See also

• 1954 United States elections
  • 1954 United States House of Representatives elections
• 83rd United States Congress
• 84th United States Congress

Sources

• Template:Cite news
• Template:Cite news
• Template:Cite book
• "Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1955, pp. 4–5.
• U.S. Senate Biography of Strom Thurmond

{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox | name = United States Senate elections | title = United States Senate elections | state = autocollapse | bodyclass = hlist

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