1998 United States Senate elections
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The 1998 United States Senate elections were held on November 3, 1998, with the 34 seats of Class 3 contested in regular elections. This was seen as an even contest between the Republican Party and Democratic Party. While the Democrats had to defend more seats up for election, Republican attacks on the morality of President Bill Clinton failed to connect with voters and anticipated Republican gains did not materialize. The Republicans picked open seats up in Ohio and Kentucky and narrowly defeated Democratic incumbent Carol Moseley Braun (Illinois), but these were cancelled out by the Democrats' gain of an open seat in Indiana and defeats of Republican Senators Al D'Amato (New York) and Lauch Faircloth (North Carolina). The balance of the Senate remained unchanged at 55–45 in favor of the Republicans, thereby tying these election results with those of 1996 and 2004 as the highest number of Senate seats that the Republicans have held since 1920.
With Democrats gaining five seats in the House of Representatives, this marked the first time since 1934 that the party not in control of the White House failed to gain congressional seats in mid-term election cycles, which would also happen in 2002. These are the last Senate elections that resulted in no net change in the balance of power and the last time Democrats won a U.S. Senate race in South Carolina.
As of 2025, this is the most recent time in which the Democratic Party won a majority of Class 3 Senate seats in a regularly scheduled election.
Results summary
| style="background:Template:Party color; width:45%;" | 45 | style="background:Template:Party color; width:55%;" | 55 |
| Democratic | Republican |
Source: Office of the Clerk<ref name="Clerk new format"/>
Gains, losses, and holds
Retirements
Two Republicans and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.
Defeats
One Democrat and two Republicans sought re-election but lost in the general election.
Post-election changes
Two Republicans died during the 106th Congress, and initially were all replaced by appointees.
| State | Senator | Replaced by |
|---|---|---|
| Georgia (Class 3) |
Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname | Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname |
| Rhode Island (Class 1) |
Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname | Template:Party shading/Republican | Template:Sortname |
Change in composition
Before the elections
After the elections
| Key |
|
|---|
Race summary
Special elections during the 105th Congress
There were no special elections in 1998.
Elections leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1999; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
Closest races
Eight races had a margin of less than 10%:
| State | Party of winner | Margin |
|---|---|---|
| Nevada | data-sort-value=-1 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 0.09% |
| Kentucky | data-sort-value=.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 0.59% |
| Wisconsin | data-sort-value=-1 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 2.1% |
| Illinois | data-sort-value=.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 2.9% |
| North Carolina | data-sort-value=-0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip) | 4.1% |
| South Carolina | data-sort-value=-1 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 7.0% |
| Georgia | data-sort-value=1 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 7.2% |
| Missouri | data-sort-value=1 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 8.9% |
Ohio was the tipping point state with a margin of 13%.
Alabama
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Richard Shelby won re-election to a third term. Shelby had been elected in 1986 and 1992 as a Democrat, but switched to the Republican party in 1994, making this the first election he competed in as a Republican. He beat Democrat Clayton Suddith, an army veteran and former Franklin County Commissioner.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Alaska
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Frank Murkowski easily won re-election to a fourth term against Democratic nominee Joseph Sonneman, a perennial candidate, earning nearly 75% of the vote.
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Arizona
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican John McCain won re-election to a third term over Democratic attorney Ed Ranger.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Arkansas
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Dale Bumpers retired. U.S. Representative Blanche Lincoln won the open seat.
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California
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer won re-election to a second term.
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Colorado
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Ben Nighthorse Campbell won re-election to a second term.
Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box total no change Template:Election box end Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box total no change Template:Election box end Campbell, who was elected in 1992 as a Democrat, switched parties after the 1994 Republican Revolution. He faced a primary challenger, but won with over 70% of the vote. In the general election, Democratic nominee Dottie Lamm criticized Campbell of flip flopping from being a moderate liberal to moderate conservative.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In fact, throughout the entire campaign, Lamm mostly sent out negative attack advertisements about Campbell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Connecticut
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Chris Dodd won re-election for a fourth term against former Republican U.S. Congressman Gary A. Franks.
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Florida
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Bob Graham won re-election to a third term.
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Georgia
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Paul Coverdell won re-election to a second term.<ref name="clerk"/>
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Hawaii
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Daniel Inouye won re-election to a seventh term over Republican legislative aide Crystal Young.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Idaho
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Dirk Kempthorne decided to retire after one term to run for governor. Republican nominee Mike Crapo won the open seat.
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Illinois
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Carol Moseley Braun decided to run for re-election, despite the number of controversies that she had in her first term. Republican State Senator Peter Fitzgerald won his party's primary with a slim margin of victory.
He ended up defeating the incumbent, with a margin of victory of approximately 3%. Peter Fitzgerald won all but five counties.
During Moseley Braun's term as U.S. Senator, she was plagued by several major controversies. Moseley Braun was the subject of a 1993 Federal Election Commission investigation over $249,000 in unaccounted-for campaign funds. The agency found some small violations, but took no action against Moseley Braun, citing a lack of resources. Moseley Braun only admitted to bookkeeping errors. The Justice Department turned down two requests for investigations from the IRS.<ref name="Braun_Koerner_Slate">Slate, Is Carol Moseley-Braun a Crook?", February 19, 2003</ref>
In 1996, Moseley Braun made a private trip to Nigeria, where she met with dictator Sani Abacha. Despite U.S. sanctions against that country, due to Abacha's actions, the Senator did not notify, nor register her trip with, the State Department. She subsequently defended Abacha's human rights records in Congress.<ref name="Braun_Ruden_NPR">NPR, "2004 Democratic Presidential Candidates: Carol Moseley Braun", Npr.org, May 6, 2003</ref>
Peter Fitzgerald, a State Senator, won the Republican primary, defeating Illinois Comptroller Loleta Didrickson with 51.8% of the vote, to Didrickson's 48.2%.<ref>Election Results: General Primary - 3/17/1998 Template:Webarchive, Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</ref> Fitzgerald spent nearly $7 million in the Republican primary.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He had a major financial advantage, as he was a multimillionaire. He ended up spending $12 million in his election victory.<ref name="pqasb.pqarchiver.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In September, Moseley Braun created controversy again by using the word "nigger" to describe how she claims to be a victim of racism.<ref name="pqasb.pqarchiver.com"/>
Most polls over the first few months showed Moseley Braun trailing badly. However, after she was helped in the final month by notable Democrats such as First Lady Hillary Clinton and U.S. Congressman Luis V. Gutierrez, three polls published in the last week showed her within the margin of error, and, in one poll, running even with Fitzgerald.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Moseley Braun was narrowly defeated by Republican Peter Fitzgerald. Moseley Braun only won five of Illinois's 102 counties. Despite this, the race was kept close by Moseley running up massive margins in Cook County, home of Chicago. However, it was not quite enough to win. Template:Election box begin Template:Election box winning candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate Template:Election box majority Template:Election box turnout Template:Election box gain with party link Template:Election box end
Indiana
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Dan Coats decided to retire instead of seeking a second full term. Democratic nominee, former Governor Evan Bayh won the open seat his father once held.
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Iowa
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Chuck Grassley sought re-election to a fourth term in the United States Senate, facing off against former State Representative David Osterberg, who won the Democratic nomination unopposed. Grassley had not faced a competitive election since 1980; this year proved no different, and Grassley crushed Osterberg to win a fourth term.
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Kansas
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Sam Brownback won re-election to his first full term. Brownback was first elected in a special election held in 1996, when then-Senator Bob Dole resigned to campaign for U.S. President, after 27 years in the Senate. This would've been Dole's seventh term in office had he remained in his seat.
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Kentucky
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democratic U.S Senator Wendell Ford decided to retire, instead of seeking a fifth term. Republican Representative Jim Bunning won the open seat.
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Louisiana
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat John Breaux won re-election to a third term. As of 2022, this is the last time the Democrats have won the Class 3 Senate Seat from Louisiana.
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Maryland
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also
Template:Infobox election Incumbent Democrat Barbara Mikulski won re-election to a third term.
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Missouri
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Kit Bond won re-election to a third term.<ref name="clerk"/>
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Nevada
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Harry Reid won re-election to a third term.
Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box total no change Template:Election box end Reid won in a close election by 401 votes—even closer than Tim Johnson's Senate run in South Dakota in 2002, when he narrowly defeated Congressman John Thune by 524 votes. Ensign did not contest the results, and Reid won the race.
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New Hampshire
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Judd Gregg won re-election to his second term.
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New York
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Al D'Amato was running for re-election to a fourth term, but lost to Chuck Schumer in what was considered by many to be the "high[est] profile and nastiest" contest of the year.<ref name=cnn>Template:Cite news</ref>
Geraldine Ferraro, former U.S. Representative and nominee for Vice President in 1984, was well known for having been the 1984 Democratic vice presidential nominee and had also run but lost in the Democratic primary in the 1992 U.S. Senate election in New York. Mark Green, New York City Public Advocate, had been the Democratic nominee in the 1986 election, but lost in the general election to D'Amato.
At the start of 1998, Ferraro had done no fundraising, out of fear of conflict of interest with her job hosting the CNN program Crossfire, but was nonetheless perceived as the front-runner by virtue of her name recognition;<ref name="nyt-98ann">Template:Cite news</ref> indeed, December and January polls had her 25 percentage points ahead of Green in the race and even further ahead of Schumer.<ref name="nyt-farewell">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book p. 17.</ref> Unlike her previous campaigns, Ferraro's family finances never became an issue in 1998.<ref name="nyt-farewell"/> However, she lost ground during the summer, with Schumer catching her in the polls by early August and then soon passing her.<ref>Schumer, Positively American, p. 31.</ref> Schumer, a tireless fundraiser, outspent her by a five-to-one margin, and Ferraro failed to establish a political image current with the times.<ref name="nyt-farewell"/><ref>Schumer, Positively American, pp. 18, 30.</ref> In the September 15, 1998, primary, she was beaten soundly by Schumer with a 51 percent to 26 percent margin.<ref name="nyt-farewell"/> Unlike the bitter 1992 Democratic senatorial primary, this contest was not divisive, and Ferraro and third-place finisher Green endorsed Schumer at a unity breakfast the following day.<ref>Schumer, Positively American, pp. 33, 39.</ref>
The primaries were held on September 15, 1998. Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box end Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box end Template:Election box begin Template:Election box candidate no change Template:Election box candidate no change Template:Election box end During the general campaign, D'Amato attempted to brand Schumer as a diehard liberal, while Schumer accused D'Amato of being a liar. When D'Amato's first strategy failed, D'Amato attacked his opponent's attendance record as a member of Congress, which Schumer refuted.<ref name=pbs>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=pbs2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Late in the campaign, D'Amato called Schumer a "putzhead" in a private meeting with Jewish supporters ("putz" is Yiddish for penis, and can be slang for "fool").<ref name=cnn2/> The senator later apologized.<ref name=cnn/>
In the last days of the campaign, D'Amato campaigned with popular Governor George Pataki, who was also running for re-election, and was also supported by New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and former Mayor Ed Koch (a Democrat)<ref name=cnn2>Template:Cite news</ref> Vice President Al Gore and First Lady Hillary Clinton personally campaigned for Schumer, as D'Amato was a prominent critic of President Bill Clinton<ref name=pbs/> who led the investigation into Whitewater.<ref name=nyt/> Though the Republican party was well organized, the Democratic party benefited from robocalls from President Clinton and mobilization from two big unions, United Federation of Teachers and 1199.<ref name=pbs/>
Though D'Amato was effective in obtaining federal government funds for New York State projects during his Senate career, he failed to capitalize on this in the election.<ref name=pbs/> Also, Schumer was a tenacious fund-raiser and was aggressive in his attacks.<ref name=nyt>Template:Cite news</ref> The candidates spent $30 million during the race.<ref name=pbs/>
The race was not close with Schumer defeating the incumbent D'Amato by just over 10%. D'Amato did win a majority of New York's counties, but his wins were in less populated areas. Schumer's win is attributed to strong performance in New York City. Schumer also performed well in heavily populated upstate cities, like Buffalo, Syracuse, Rochester, and Albany.
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- Per New York State law, Schumer and D'Amato totals include minor party line votes: Independence Party and Liberal Party for Schumer, Right to Life Party for D'Amato.
North Carolina
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Lauch Faircloth decided to seek re-election to a second term, but was unseated by Democrat John Edwards.<ref name="clerk"/>
In the Democratic primary, Edwards defeated D. G. Martin, Ella Scarborough, and several minor candidates. In the Republican primary, Faircloth easily defeated two minor candidates.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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North Dakota
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent NPL–Democrat Byron Dorgan won re-election to a second term.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Republican Donna Nalewaja, State Senator's campaign focused on the suggestion that Dorgan had served in the United States Congress for nearly 20 years, and had accomplished relatively little. Dorgan and Nalewaja won the primary elections for their respective parties. McLain had previously run for North Dakota's other Senate seat in 1980 against Mark Andrews.
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Ohio
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democratic U.S Senator John Glenn decided to retire, instead of seeking a fifth term. Republican Governor George Voinovich won the open seat.
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Oklahoma
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Don Nickles won re-election to his fourth term.
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Oregon
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democratic Ron Wyden won re-election to his first full term, defeating Republican nominee John Lim, a state senator.
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Pennsylvania
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Arlen Specter won re-election to a fourth term.
Leading up to this campaign, the state Democratic Party was in dire straits, as it was plagued by prior corruption allegations of several key legislators and by a lack of fund-raising. Just as in the accompanying gubernatorial race, the party had difficulty in finding a credible candidate. State Representative Bill Lloyd, State Representative,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who was a well-respected party leader but who had almost zero statewide name recognition, was consideredTemplate:By whom to be a sacrificial lamb candidate. Specter ran a straightforward campaign and attempted to avoid mistakes, while Lloyd's bid was so underfunded that he was unable to air a single commercial until two weeks before the election. Lloyd's strategy was to portray Republicans as hyper-partisan in wake of their attempt to impeach President Bill Clinton, but he was unable to gain any traction with his message. On Election Day, Specter's win was by the second-largest margin in the history of Senate elections in Pennsylvania. Lloyd won in two counties: almost uniformly Democratic Philadelphia and his home county, rural and typically Republican Somerset County.<ref name=kennedy>Template:Cite book</ref>
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South Carolina
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Fritz Hollings won re-election to his sixth full term. As of 2023, this is the last time Democrats won a U.S. Senate election in South Carolina.
Template:Election box begin Template:Election box winning candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box end The race between Hollings and Bob Inglis, U.S. Representative gave the voters a choice of two very different visions of and for South Carolina. Hollings was from the Lowcountry, a face of the Old New South, and secured a large amount of federal funds for the state. On the other hand, Inglis came from the Upstate, was a face of the New South, and opposed to pork barrel spending. Hollings viciously attacked Inglis on the campaign trail as a "goddamn skunk" and when Inglis requested that Hollings sign a pledge for campaign courtesy, Hollings replied that Inglis could "kiss his fanny." Inglis tried to tie Hollings to President Clinton, who had been tainted by the Lewinsky scandal.
Ultimately, Hollings won the race for four crucial reasons. First, Inglis refused to accept PAC donations which allowed Hollings to enjoy a huge financial advantage and blanket the state with his television advertisements. Secondly, Inglis came from the Upstate which already provided GOP majorities whereas Hollings came from the Lowcountry which was a key tossup region in the state. Thirdly, the voters two years prior in the 1996 Senate election had rewarded Strom Thurmond for his long service to the state and it was unlikely that they would then deny re-election to Hollings. Finally, the 1998 South Carolina GOP ticket was dragged down with unpopular Governor David Beasley at the top of the ticket who would go on to lose his re-election campaign to Jim Hodges.
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South Dakota
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Tom Daschle won re-election to a third term. Template:As of, this was the last time the Democrats have won the Class 3 Senate Seat from South Dakota.
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Utah
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Republican Bob Bennett won re-election to a second term.
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Vermont
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Patrick Leahy won re-election to a fifth term.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notably, the Republican nominee, dairy farmer and actor Fred Tuttle, withdrew from the race and endorsed Leahy, asking Vermonters to vote for his Democratic opponent because he hated Washington DC and he was, as his wife had previously said publicly, unqualified to serve as a United States Senator. His campaign, which had been conducted primarily from his front porch in Tunbridge, VT, spent only $251 during the election season and featured the slogans "Spread Fred!" and "Why Not?" In spite of this, Tuttle still received 48,051 votes, or 22% of the total.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Washington
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Patty Murray won re-election to a second term.
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Wisconsin
Template:Infobox election {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Russ Feingold won re-election to a second term. In September 1997, Mark Neumann, a Republican U.S. Representative, announced his candidacy for the United States Senate against Russell Feingold. Both candidates had similar views on the budget surplus, although Neumann was for banning partial-birth abortion while Feingold was against a ban. Both candidates limited themselves to $3.8 million in campaign spending ($1 for every citizen of Wisconsin), although outside groups spent more than $2 million on Neumann; Feingold refused to have outside groups spend their own 'soft money' on his behalf.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Feingold defeated Neumann by a slim 2% margin in the election. According to the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, Neumann had a 30,000 vote margin outside Milwaukee County, but was overwhelmed by a 68,000 vote margin in Milwaukee County.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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See also
Notes
References
External links
- JoinCalifornia 1998 General Election
- SmartVoter.org page on the California Senate race.
- 1998 North Dakota U.S. Senate Election results
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news
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