Template:Short description
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Template:Infobox IPA
A voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.
Some languages have a voiced pre-velar plosive,<ref>Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".</ref> which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive.
Conversely, some languages have a voiced post-velar plosive,<ref>Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".</ref> which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.
IPA symbol
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. The traditional IPA symbol is the so-called single-storey or opentail G File:Opentail g.svg, but the double-storey or looptail G File:Looptail g.svg is acceptable. The Unicode character Template:Unichar renders as either a single-storey G or a double-storey G depending on font; the character Template:Unichar is always a single-storey G, but it is generally available only in fonts supporting the IPA Extensions Unicode character block.
Features
File:Voiced velar plosive.svg
Features of a voiced velar stop:
Template:Plosive
Template:Velar
Template:Voiced
Template:Oral
Template:Central articulation
Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
Of the six stops that would be expected from the most common pattern worldwide—that is, three places of articulation plus voicing (Template:IPA)—Template:IPA and Template:IPA are the most frequently missing, being absent in about 10% of languages that otherwise have this pattern. The lack of a voiceless bilabial stop Template:IPA is an areal feature. Missing Template:IPA, (when the language uses voicing to contrast stops) on the other hand, is widely scattered around the world, for example /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Belarusian, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Czech, and Slovak and occurs only in borrowed words in those languages. A few languages, such as Modern Standard Arabic and part of the Levantine dialects (e.g. Lebanese and Syrian), are missing both, although most of the other Arabic dialects have Template:IPA in their native phonemic systems as a reflex of Template:Angbr or less commonly of Template:Angbr.
It seems that Template:IPA is somewhat more difficult to articulate than the other basic stops. Ian Maddieson speculates that this may be due to a physical difficulty in voicing velars: Voicing requires that air flow into the mouth cavity, and the relatively small space allowed by the position of velar consonants means that it will fill up with air quickly, making voicing difficult to maintain in Template:IPA for as long as it is in Template:IPA or Template:IPA. This could have two effects: Template:IPA and Template:IPA might become confused, and the distinction is lost, or perhaps a Template:IPA never develops when a language first starts making voicing distinctions. With uvulars, where there is even less space between the glottis and tongue for airflow, the imbalance is more extreme: Voiced Template:IPA is much rarer than voiceless Template:IPA.<ref>WALS Online : Chapter 5 – Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Template:Webarchive</ref>
In many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, plain Template:IPA and aspirated Template:IPA are in contrastive distribution.
| Language |
Word |
IPA |
Meaning |
Notes
|
| Abkhaz |
Template:Lang/ažëga |
Template:IPA |
'shovel' |
See Abkhaz phonology
|
| Adyghe |
Shapsug |
Template:Lang/gägwaĺa |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'toy' |
Dialectal. Corresponds to Template:IPA in other dialects.
|
| Temirgoy |
Template:Lang/ čëgë |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'tree' |
Dialectal. Corresponds to Template:IPA in other dialects.
|
| Albanian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'donkey' |
|
| ArabicTemplate:Sfnp
|
Moroccan
|
Template:Script/Arabic / ʾagādīr
|
Template:IPA
|
'Agadir'
|
|
| Tunisian
|
Template:Script/Arabic / gafṣa
|
Template:Audio-IPA
|
'Gafsa'
|
See Tunisian arabic phonology
|
| Hejazi |
Template:Lang / gamar |
Template:IPA |
'moon' |
Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic.
|
| Najdi
|
Template:IPA
|
| Sa'idi
|
Template:IPA
|
| Yemeni |
Template:Lang / gāl |
Template:IPA |
'(he) said' |
Pronunciation of Template:Angbr in San'ani and Hadhrami dialects
|
| Template:Lang / gamal
|
Template:IPA
|
'camel'
|
Pronunciation of Template:Angbr in Ta'izzi-Adeni and Tihami dialects
|
| Egyptian
|
Template:Lang / rāgel
|
Template:IPA
|
'man'
|
See Egyptian arabic phonology
|
| Armenian |
EasternTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang/gandz |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'treasure' |
|
| Assyrian |
ܓܢܐ Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'self' |
Used predominantly in Urban Koine. Corresponds to Template:IPA in Urmia, some Tyari and Jilu dialects.
|
| Azerbaijani |
Template:Lang / قارا |
Template:IPA |
'black' |
|
| Basque |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'lose' |
|
| Bengali |
গান/gan |
Template:IPA |
'song' |
Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
|
| Breton |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'goat' |
|
| Bulgarian |
гора/gora |
Template:IPA |
'forest' |
See Bulgarian phonology
|
| CatalanTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'glove' |
See Catalan phonology
|
| Chechen |
Template:Lang/gowr |
Template:IPA |
'horse' |
|
| Czech |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'gram' |
See Czech phonology
|
| Danish |
StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'happiness' |
Only partially voiced; possible allophone of Template:IPA in the intervocalic position. More often voiceless Template:IPAblink.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Danish phonology
|
| Dutch |
All dialects |
Template:Lang |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'tissue' |
Allophone of Template:IPA, occurring only before voiced consonants in native words. See Dutch phonology
|
| StandardTemplate:Sfnp
|
| Many speakers |
goal |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'goal' |
Only in loanwords. Some speakers may realize it as Template:IPAblink ~ Template:IPAblink ~ Template:IPAblink ~ Template:IPAblink (like a normal Dutch Template:Angbr), or as Template:IPAblink.
|
| Amelands |
goëd |
Template:IPA |
'good' |
|
| English |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'gaggle' |
See English phonology
|
| Filipino |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'commotion' |
|
| FrenchTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'earnings' |
See French phonology
|
| GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang/guli |
Template:IPA |
'heart' |
|
| German |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'lie' |
See Standard German phonology
|
| Greek |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'donkey's bray' |
See Modern Greek phonology
|
| Gujarati |
Template:Lang/gávu |
Template:IPA |
'to sing' |
See Gujarati phonology
|
| Hebrew |
[[Hebrew alphabet|Template:Lang]]/gav |
Template:IPA |
'back' |
See Modern Hebrew phonology
|
| Hindustani |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'song' |
Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
|
| Hungarian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'permission' |
See Hungarian phonology
|
| Irish |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'sand' |
See Irish phonology
|
| ItalianTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'competitions' |
[g] is represented by letter G when followed by vowels [a], [o] [u], while when in front of vowels [i], [e] and [ɛ], the pronunciation changes to d͡ʒ, for the phoneme [g] to appear on the vowels [i], [e] and [ɛ], the GH digraph is used.
|
| JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'overcoat' |
See Japanese phonology
|
| Kabardian |
Baslaney |
Template:Lang/ gäna |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'shirt' |
Dialectal. Corresponds to Template:IPA in other dialects.
|
| KagayanenTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'spirit' |
|
| Khmer |
Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration |
Template:IPA |
'gas' |
See Khmer phonology
|
| Korean |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'catfish' |
See Korean phonology
|
| Limburgish
|
zegke
|
Template:IPA
|
'say'
|
Common. Example from the Weert dialect.
|
| Lithuanian |
garai |
Template:IPA |
'steam' |
See Lithuanian phonology
|
| LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'gone about' |
More often voiceless Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
|
| Macedonian |
Template:Lang/grom |
Template:IPA |
'thunder' |
See Macedonian phonology
|
| Malay |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'sack' |
|
| Marathi |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'grass' |
See Marathi phonology
|
| Nepali |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'village' |
Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
|
| Norwegian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'gold' |
See Norwegian phonology
|
| Odia |
ଗଛ/gočho |
Template:IPA |
'tree' |
Contrasts with aspirated form.
|
| Persian |
گوشت/guşt |
Template:IPA |
'meat' |
|
| PolishTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'plebs' |
See Polish phonology
|
| PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'tongue' |
See Portuguese phonology
|
| Punjabi |
ਗਾਂ/gaa |
Template:IPA |
'cow' |
|
| Romanian<ref>DEX Online : [1]</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'thought' |
See Romanian phonology
|
| RussianTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang/golova |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'head' |
See Russian phonology
|
| Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'guest' |
See Serbo-Croatian phonology
|
| Slovak |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'lymph' |
See Slovak phonology
|
| Slovene
|
Template:Lang
|
Template:IPA
|
'guest'
|
See Slovene phonology
|
| Somali |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'to shorten' |
See Somali phonology
|
| Southern Min
|
Hokkien
|
我/góa
|
Template:IPA
|
'I'
|
|
| SpanishTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'cat' |
See Spanish phonology
|
| Swahili |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'darkness' |
See Swahili phonology
|
| Swedish |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'tasty' |
May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
|
| Telugu |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'Floor' |
contrasts with aspirated form (which is articulated as breathy consonant).
|
| Turkish |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'epidemic' |
See Turkish phonology
|
| UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp |
Template:Lang / ganok |
Template:IPA |
'porch' |
See Ukrainian phonology
|
| Welsh
|
gwyn
|
[ɡwɪn] or [ɡwɨ̞n]
|
'white'
|
See Welsh phonology
|
| West Frisian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'buckle' (n.) |
See West Frisian phonology
|
| Wu
|
Shanghainese
|
狂/guaon6
|
[ɡuɑ̃23]
|
'crazy'
|
|
| Xiang
|
共/wong
|
Template:IPA
|
'together'
|
|
| Yi |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'hear' |
|
| Zapotec |
TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp |
gan |
Template:IPA |
'will be able' |
Depending on speaker and carefulness of speech, Template:IPA may be lenited to Template:IPA
|
See also
Notes
Template:Reflist
References
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External links
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