Voiced palatal approximant

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Template:Short description Template:For Template:Infobox IPA

A voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA; the equivalent symbol in the Americanist phonetic notation is Template:Angbr. In order to not imply that the approximant is spread as the vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is, it may instead be transcribed Template:Angbr IPA. When this sound occurs in the form of a palatal glide it is frequently, but not exclusively, denoted as a superscript j Template:IPAalink in IPA.

This sound is traditionally called a yod,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> after its name in Hebrew. This is reflected in the names of certain phonological changes, such as yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.

A palatal approximant is often the semivocalic equivalent of a close front unrounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages as Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA, with the non-syllabic diacritic used in some phonetic transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Phonetic ambiguity and transcription usage

Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or its rounded counterpart, Template:IPAblink, which would normally correspond to Template:IPAblink. An example is Spanish, which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which is always unrounded (and is a phonological vowel - an allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), and an approximant consonant unspecified for rounding, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (which is a phonological consonant). Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added):Template:Sfnp

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{{#invoke:IPA|main}} is shorter and is usually a merely transitory sound. It can only exist together with a full vowel and does not appear in syllable onset. [On the other hand,] {{#invoke:IPA|main}} has a lower amplitude, mainly in F2. It can only appear in syllable onset. It is not noisy either articulatorily or perceptually. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can vary towards Template:IPAblink in emphatic pronunciations, having noise (turbulent airstream). (...)

There is a further argument through which we can establish a clear difference between {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}: the first sound cannot be rounded, not even through co-articulation, whereas the second one is rounded before back vowels or the back semi-vowel. Thus, in words like viuda Template:Audio-IPA 'widow', Dios Template:Audio-IPA 'God', vio Template:Audio-IPA 's/he saw', etc., the semi-vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is unrounded; if it were rounded, a sound that does not exist in Spanish, Template:IPAblink, would appear. On the other hand, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is unspecified as far as rounding is concerned and it is assimilated to the labial vowel context: rounded with rounded vowels, e.g. ayuda Template:Audio-IPA 'help', coyote Template:Audio-IPA 'coyote', hoyuelo Template:Audio-IPA 'dimple', etc., and unrounded with unrounded vowels: payaso Template:Audio-IPA 'clown', ayer Template:Audio-IPA 'yesterday'.{{#if:|

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Celdrán also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is a semi-consonant, as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant."Template:Sfnp

There is a parallel problem with transcribing voiced velar approximants.

In the writing systems used for most languages of Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes a palatal approximant, as in German Template:Langx 'year', which is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like Hebrew "hallelujah" and German "Jägermeister".

In grammars of Ancient Greek, a palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek, is sometimes written as Template:Angbr, an iota with the inverted breve below, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel.Template:Sfnp

A voiced alveolar-palatal approximant is attested as phonemic in the Huastec language.

Features

Features of a voiced palatal approximant:

Template:Approximant The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} from the Template:IPAblink vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see above. Template:Palatal The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar Template:IPAblink. Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Palatal

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe lang}} / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'dirt'
Afrikaans lang}} main}} 'yes' See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'day' See Arabic phonology
AragoneseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'falls' main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).Template:Sfnp
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'fat'
Assamese lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'humanity'
Assyrian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'sea'
Azerbaijani lang}} main}} 'dream'
Basque lang}} main}} 'yes'
Bengali lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'eye' A phonetic merger of the non-syllabic front vowels /i̯ e̯/. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'mother' See Bulgarian phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp All dialects lang}} main}} 'I did' See Catalan phonology
Some dialects lang}} main}} 'I'
Chechen lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'six'
Chinese Cantonese lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'day' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) / Template:Transliteration main}} 'duck' See Mandarin phonology
Chuvash lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'tree'
Czech lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'is' See Czech phonology
Danish lang}} main}} 'I' See Danish phonology
Dutch StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'yes' Frequently realized as a fricative Template:IPAblink, especially in emphatic speech.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
English you main}} 'you' See English phonology
Esperanto lang}} main}} 'year' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian lang}} main}} 'leg' See Estonian phonology
Finnish lang}} main}} 'leg' See Finnish phonology
French lang}} main}} 'eyes' See French phonology
German StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'jacket' Also described as a fricative Template:IPAblinkTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Greek Ancient Greek lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 's/he shall come' See Ancient Greek phonology
Hebrew lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'kid' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'vehicle' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian lang}} main}} 'game' See Hungarian phonology
IrishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'would cut' See Irish phonology
Ingush lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'grain' See Ingush phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'ion' See Italian phonology
Jalapa MazatecTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed Contrasts voiceless Template:IPAslink, plain voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and glottalized voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} approximants.Template:Sfnp
Japanese lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'to bake' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'game'
Kazakh lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'so'
Khmer lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'to cry' See Khmer phonology
Korean lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'six' See Korean phonology
Latin lang}} main}} 'to throw' See Latin spelling and pronunciation
LithuanianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'she' Also described as a fricative Template:IPAblink.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'end' See Macedonian phonology
Malay lang}} main}} 'love'
Maltese lang}} main}} 'he eats'
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'six' May be a fricative Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
Marathi lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'success'
Nepali lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'season' See Nepali phonology
Norwegian Urban EastTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to give' May be a fricative Template:IPAblink instead.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Odia lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'time'
Persian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'Yazd' See Persian phonology
PolishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'tomorrow' See Polish phonology
Portuguese<ref>Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech Template:In lang.</ref> lang}} main}} 'buoy', 'float' Allophone of both Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink,<ref name="anglophones learning lh">The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophonyTemplate:In lang. Pages 223 and 228.</ref> as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'friend'
Romanian lang}} main}} 'again' See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'pit' See Russian phonology
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'South' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
SlovakTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to eat' See Slovak phonology
Slovene lang}} main}} 'I'
Solos lang}} main}} 'up' See Alphabet section in Solos language
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Standard lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'yesterday' Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.Template:Sfnp Contrast with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Spanish phonology
lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'earth'
Rioplatense lang}} main}} 'ice'
Swedish lang}} main}} 'I' May be realized as a palatal fricative Template:IPAblink instead. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog lang}} main}} 'sparrow'
Tamil lang}} main}} 'elephant' See Tamil phonology
Telugu lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'agony'
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'way' See Turkish phonology
Turkmen lang}} main}} 'silk'
Ubykh {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'you did it' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'hedgehog' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese Southern dialects lang}} main}} 'cinnamon' Corresponds to northern Template:IPAslink. See Vietnamese phonology
Washo lang}} main}} 'leaf' Contrasts voiceless Template:IPAslink and voiced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} approximants.
Welsh lang}} main}} 'language' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian lang}} main}} 'coat' See West Frisian phonology
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'neck'

Post-palatal

Template:Infobox IPA

There is also the post-palatal approximant in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central unrounded vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA (a retracted Template:Angbr IPA), Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (an advanced Template:Angbr IPA). Other possible transcriptions include Template:Angbr IPA (a centralized Template:Angbr IPA), Template:Angbr IPA (a centralized Template:Angbr IPA), and Template:Angbr IPA (a non-syllabic Template:Angbr IPA). The para-IPA symbol Template:Angbr IPA (a barred Template:Angbr IPA) may also be used to represent this approximant.<ref>L2/24-171: Miscellaneous historical and para-IPA modifier letters</ref>

Features

Template:Approximant Template:Post-palatal Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'to follow' main}} before front vowels;Template:Sfnp typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Spanish phonology
Turkish Standard prescriptiveTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'wedding' main}} (also transcribed as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) before front vowels.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology

Nasal

Template:Infobox IPA

A nasalized voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.

Features

Features of a nasal palatal approximant:

Template:Approximant Template:Palatal Template:Voiced Template:Nasal Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

{{#invoke:IPA|main}}, written Template:Angbr,Template:Cn is a common realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such as Yoruba, Ewe and Bini languages.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Nheengatu lang}} main}} 'to speak' Influenced Brazilian Portuguese Template:Angbr sound. Sometimes written with Template:Angbr
Hindustani<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'patience' Allophone of Template:IPAslink before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Hindustani phonology
Kaingang<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'brave' main}} before a nasal vowel.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
Lombard lang}} main}} 'need for (something)' Allophone of Template:IPAslink before a consonant. See Lombard phonology
Louisiana Creole<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> sinñin sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃ 'bleed' main}}
Polish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'state, country' main}} before fricatives. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Brazilian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'dream' Allophone of Template:IPAslink between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound.<ref name="vinho">Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'dogs' main}} after nasal vowels.
Some dialects<ref name="vinho"/> lang}} main}} 'love me!' Non-syllabic allophone of Template:IPAslink between nasal sounds.
Shipibo<ref name="val283">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Example needed main}} after nasal vowels.<ref name="val283"/>
Spanish Zwolle-Ebarb<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'year' main}} between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> lang}} main}} 'kids' main}}. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
Sakha lang}} main}} 'sin, transgression' main}} is not distinguished from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the orthography.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

See also

Notes

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References

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