List of official languages

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Multiple issues This is a list of official, or otherwise administratively-recognized, languages of sovereign countries, regions, and supra-national institutions. The article also lists lots of languages which have no administrative mandate as an official language, generally describing these as de facto official languages.

Official languages of sovereign countries, wholly or partly

A

Abkhaz:

Afar:

Afrikaans:

Aja-Gbe:

Albanian:

Akuapem Twi:

Amharic:

Anii:

Arabic (see also List of countries where Arabic is an official language):

Araona:

Armenian:

Asante Twi:

Assamese:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Aymara:

Ayoreo (Zamuco):

Azerbaijani:

B

Balanta:

Bambara:

Bariba:

Basque:

Bassari:

Baure:

Bedik:

Belarusian:

Bengali:

Berber:

Biali:

Bislama:

Boko:

Bomu:

Bosnian:

Bozo:

Buduma:

Bulgarian:

Burmese:

C

Canichana:

Cantonese:

Carolinian:

Catalan:

Cavineña:

Cayubaba:

Chácobo:

Chamorro:

Chichewa:

Chimané:

Chinese, Mandarin:

Chipewyan:

Chirbawe (Sena):

Comorian:

Corsican:

Cree:

Croatian:

Czech:

  • Czech Republic
  • Slovakia (legislation states that a person using Czech language at a Slovak institution must be treated as if using Slovak language)

D

Dagaare:

Dagbani:

Dangme:

Danish:

Dari:

Dendi:

Dhivehi:

Dioula:

Dogon:

Dutch:

sole official language in:
co-official language in:

Dzongkha:

E

English (see also List of countries where English is an official language):

Ese Ejja:

Estonian:

Ewe-Gbe:

F

Fante:

Faroese:

Fijian:

Filipino:

Finnish:

Fon-Gbe:

Foodo:

Formosan:

French (see also List of countries where French is an official language):

sole official language in:
co-official language in:
Official language in:

Fula:

G

Ga:

Gàidhlig:

Gbe:

Gen-Gbe:

Georgian:

German:

sole official language in:
Official language in 21 cantons:

Gonja:

Gourmanché:

Greek:

Guaraní:

Guarayu:

Gujarati:

  • India

Gwichʼin:

H

Haitian Creole:

Hakka:

Hassaniya:

Hausa:

Hebrew:

  • Israel

Hindi:

Hiri Motu:

Hungarian:

I

Igbo:

Ignaciano Moxos:

Icelandic:

Indonesian:

Inuinnaqtun:

Inuit:

Inuktitut:

Inuvialuktun:

Irish:

Italian:

Official language in:

Itene:

Itonama:

J

Japanese:

  • Japan (de facto)
  • Palau (Angaur)

Javanese:

  • native to Java; Indonesia
    • Special region of Yogyakarta

Jèrriais:

Jola:

K

Kabye:

Kalanga:

Kallawaya:

Kannada:

  • India (Karnataka) (with 21 other regional Languages, Hindi and English as the languages of Union of India)

Kanuri:

Kasem:

Kazakh:

Khmer:

Kinyarwanda:

Kirundi:

Kissi:

Koisan (Tshuwau):

Korean:

Korean Sign Language:

Kpelle:

Kurdish:

Kyrgyz:

L

Lao:

Latin:

Latvian:

Leco:

Lithuanian:

Lukpa:

Luxembourgish:

M

Macedonian:

Malagasy:

Malay:

Malinke:

Maltese:

Mamara:

Manding (Mandinka, Malinke):

Mandinka:

Mandjak:

Mankanya:

Manx Gaelic:

Māori:

  • New Zealand (with English and New Zealand Sign Language)

Marshallese:

Mauritian Creole:

Mbelime:

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri):

  • India (along with 21 other scheduled languages recognised by the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution)

Mongolian:

Montenegrin:

Mosetén:

Mossi:

Movima:

N

Nambya:

Nateni:

Nauruan:

Navajo:

Ndau:

Ndebele (Northern):

Ndebele (Southern):

Nepali:

New Zealand Sign Language:

  • New Zealand (with English and Māori)

Noon:

North Slavey:

Northern Sotho:

Norwegian:

  • Norway (two official written forms – Bokmål and Nynorsk)

Nzema:

O

Oniyan:

Oriya:

  • India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Oromo:

Ossetian:

P

Pakawara:

Palauan:

Papiamento:

Pashto:

Persian:

Polish:

Portuguese:

Punjabi:

Puquina:

Q

Quechua:

R

Romanian:

Romansh:

Russian:

S

Safen:

Samoan:

Sango:

Sena:

Scots:

Serbian:

Serer:

Seychellois Creole:

Shona:

Sinhala:

Sioux:

Sirionó:

Slovak:

  • Slovakia
  • Czech Republic<ref>Slovak language is defined as official language together with Czech language by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském..." (§16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) „Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz</ref>

Slovene:

Somali:

Songhay-Zarma:

Soninke:

Sonsorolese:

Sotho:

South African Sign Language:

South Slavey:

Spanish:

Susu:

Swahili:

Swati:

Swedish:

Syenara:

T

Tacana:

Taiwan Sign Language:

Taiwanese Hokkien:

Tajik:

Tagalog:

Tapieté:

Tamasheq:

Tamil:

Tammari:

Tasawaq:

Tebu:

Telugu:

Tetum:

Thai:

Tigrinya:

Tłı̨chǫ:

Tobian:

Tok Pisin:

Toma:

Tonga:

Tongan:

Toromono:

Trinitario Moxos:

Tsonga:

Tswana:

Turkish:

Turkmen:

Tuvaluan:

U

Ukrainian:

  • Ukraine
  • Transnistria (with Moldovan and Russian; independence is disputed)<ref name=Transnistria/>

Urdu:

  • Pakistan (with English)
  • India (Urdu dialect and in script it is Sanscrit with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Uru-Chipaya:

Uzbek:

V

Venda:

Vietnamese:

W

Waama:

Waci-Gbe:

Wamey:

Weenhayek:

Welsh:

Wolof:

X

Xhosa:

Xwela-Gbe:

Y

Yaminawa:

Yobe:

Yom:

Yoruba:

Yuki:

Yuracaré:

Z

Zimbabwean sign language:

Zulu:

List of languages by the number of countries in which they are the most widely used

This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, co-official, an administrative or working language.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Language Number of countries language spoken
English 101
Arabic 60
French 51
Standard Chinese 33
Spanish 31
Persian 29
German 18
Russian 16
Malay 13
Portuguese 12

List of languages by number of countries in which they are the official language

Template:More citations needed This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, although there are no precise inclusion criteria or definition of a language. An '*' (asterisk) indicates a country whose independence is disputed.

Partially recognized or de facto independent countries are denoted by an asterisk (*)

Language World Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Countries
English 58 23 14 4 3 14 United States, Template:Efn United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, India, Nigeria (See the full list)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
French 26 18 2 – 5 1 France, Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, Madagascar, Monaco, Haiti, Vanuatu (See the full list)
Arabic 23–26* 12–14* – 11–12* – – Egypt, Sudan, Algeria, Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Palestine* (See the full list)
Spanish 20 1 18 – 1 – Spain, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico (See the full list)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Portuguese 9 6 1 1 1 – Portugal, Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, East Timor (See the full list)
German 6 – – – 6 – Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein (See the full list)
Russian 5–8* – – 3 2–5* – Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Abkhazia*, South Ossetia*, Transnistria*. (See the full list)
Swahili 5 5 – – – – Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
Serbo-Croatian 4–5* – – – 4–5* – Serbia (known as Serbian), Croatia (known as Croatian), Montenegro (known as Montenegrin), Bosnia and Herzegovina (known as Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian), Kosovo* (known as Serbian)
Italian 4 – – – 4 – Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City
Malay 4 – – 4 – – Malaysia (known as Malaysian), Indonesia (known as Indonesian), Singapore, Brunei
Dutch 3 – 1 – 2 – Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname
Persian 3 – – 3 – – Iran, Afghanistan (known as Dari), Tajikistan (known as Tajik)
Sotho 3 3 – – – – South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe
Tswana 3 3 – – – – Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Albanian 2–3* – – – 2–3* – Albania, Kosovo*, North Macedonia
Standard Chinese 2–3* – – 2–3* – – China, Singapore, Taiwan*
Romanian 2–3* – – – 2-3* – Romania, Moldova, Transnistria*
Somali 2–3* 2–3* – – – – Somalia, Ethiopia, and Somaliland*
Turkish 2–3* – – – 2–3* – Turkey, Northern Cyprus* and Cyprus
Aymara 2 – 2 – – – Bolivia and Peru
Berber 2 2 – – – – Algeria and Morocco
Chichewa 2 2 – – – – Malawi and Zimbabwe
Fula 2 2 – – - – Burkina Faso and Mali
Greek 2 – – – 2 – Greece and Cyprus
Guarani 2 – 2 – – – Paraguay and Bolivia
Hindi 2 – – 2 – – India, Fiji
Quechua 2 – 2 – – – Bolivia and Peru
Korean 2 – – 2 – – North Korea and South Korea
Kurdish 2 – – 2 – – Iraq and Armenia
Rwanda-Rundi 2 2 – – – – Burundi (known as Kirundi) & Rwanda (known as Kinyarwanda)
Swati 2 2 – – – – Eswatini (Swaziland) and South Africa
Swedish 2 – – – 2 – Sweden and Finland
Tamil 2 – – 2 – – Sri Lanka and Singapore
Tigrinya 2 2 – – – – Eritrea and Ethiopia
Venda 2 2 – – – – South Africa and Zimbabwe

Official regional and minority languages

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Abaza:

Adyghe:

Aghul:

Aklanon:

  • Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Albanian:

Altay:

Arabic:

Aranese see Occitan

Armenian:

Aromanian:

Assamese:

Avar:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Azeri:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Balkar:

Bashkir:

Basque:

Bengali:

Bikol:

  • Luzon and Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Bosnian:

Buryat:

Cantonese Chinese:

  • China:

Catalan:

Cebuano:

  • Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Chavacano:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Chechen:

Cherkess:

Cherokee:

Chipewyan:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Chukchi:

Chuvash:

Cree:

  • Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Crimean Tatar

  • Crimea (with Russian and Ukrainian)

Croatian:

Dargwa:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Dolgan:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Dolgan population)<ref name=SLL />

Dutch:

English:

  • parts of Canada:

Template:See also

  • The United Kingdom:

Erzya:

Even:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Even population)<ref name=SLL />

Evenki:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Evenki population)<ref name=SLL />

Faroese:

Finnish:

French:

  • parts of Canada

Frisian (West):

Friulian:

  • The Friuli region of northeastern Italy

Gagauz:

Galician:

  • part of Spain

German:

Greek:

Guaraní:

Gujarati:

Gwich'in:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Hawaiian:

Hiligaynon:

  • Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Hindi:

Hungarian:

Ibanag:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Ilocano:

  • Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan.)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Ingush:

Inuinnaqtun:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
  • Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuktitut)

Inuktitut:

  • Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuinnaqtun)
  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Inuvialuktun:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Irish:

Italian:

Ivatan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Japanese:

Kabardian:

Kalaallisut:

Kalmyk:

Kannada:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Kapampangan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ibanag, Ivatan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Karachay:

Karelian:

  • Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Veps)<ref name=Karelia />

Kashmiri:

Kazakh:

Khakas:

Khanty:

Kinaray-a:

  • Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Komi:

Komi-Permyak:

Korean:

Kumyk:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Kyrgyz:

Lak:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Lezgian:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Macedonian

Maguindanao:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Malayalam:

Mansi:

Maranao:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Marathi:

Mari (Hill and Meadow):

Mayan:

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri):

Mi'kmaq:

  • Nova Scotia ("first language"; with English (de facto), French, Scottish Gaelic)

Moksha:

  • Mordovia (state language; with Erzya and Russian)<ref name=Mordovia />

Mongolian:

Náhuatl:

  • Mexico (*only recognized)
  • El Salvador (*only recognized)

Nenets:

Nepali:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Nogai:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />
  • Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Russian)<ref name=KCR />

Occitan:

Odia:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Ossetic (Digor and Iron dialects):

Pangasinan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Sambal, and Tagalog)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Portuguese:

Punjabi:

Romanian:

  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak and Ruthenian)

Russian. Russian is fixed as a state language in the Constitutions of the republics of the Russian Federation:

  • Adygea (state language; with Adyghe)<ref name=Adygea />
  • Altay, Republic of (state language; with Altay)<ref name=Altay />
  • Bashkortostan (state language; with Bashkir)<ref name=Bashkortostan />
  • Buryatia (state language; with Buryat)<ref name=Buryatia />
  • Chechnya (state language; with Chechen)<ref name=Chechnya />
  • Chuvashia (state language; with Chuvash)<ref name=Chuvashia />
  • Dagestan (state language; with the languages of the Dagestan peoples)<ref name=Dagestan />
  • Ingushetia (state language; with Ingush)<ref name=Ingushetia />
  • Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Balkar and Kabardian)<ref name=KBR />
  • Kalmykia (state language; with Kalmyk)<ref name=Kalmykia />
  • Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Nogai)<ref name=KCR />
  • Karelia (state language)<ref>Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Karelia</ref>
  • Khakassia (state language; with Khakas)<ref name=Khakassia />
  • Komi (state language; with Komi)<ref name=Komi />
  • Mari El (state language; with Mari (Hill and Meadow))<ref name=Mari />
  • Mordovia (state language; with Erzya and Moksha)<ref name=Mordovia />
  • North Ossetia—Alania (state language; with Ossetic)<ref name=Alania />
  • Sakha (state language; with Sakha)<ref name=Sakha />
  • Tatarstan (state language; with Tatar)<ref name=Tatarstan />
  • Tyva (state language; with Tuvan)<ref name=Tyva />
  • Udmurtia (state language; with Udmurt)<ref name=Udmurtia />
  • Russian (with Gagauz) is an official language of Gagauzia (autonomous republic within Moldova)

Rusyn:

  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak)
  • Ukraine
    • Zakarapts'ka region (with Ukrainian, Hungarian)

Rutul:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Sakha:

Sambal:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, and Tagalog)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Sami:

  • Finland (in four municipalities)
  • Norway (in six municipalities in two provinces)
  • Sweden (in four municipalities and surrounding municipalities)

Sanskrit:

Saraiki

Sarikoli:

Selkup:

Serbian:

Sindhi:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)
  • Pakistan (Official language in the province of Sindh along with Urdu and English)

North and South Slavey:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Slovak:

  • part of Serbia
    • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian and Ruthenian)

Slovene:

Spanish:

Surigaonon:

  • Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Tabasaran:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Tagalog:

  • Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Tahitian:

Tamil:

Tat:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Tatar:

Tausug:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Maranao, and Yakan)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Telugu:

Tibetan:

Tłįchǫ:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, and South Slavey)

Tsakhur:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)<ref name=Dagestan />

Tswana:

Turkish:

Tuvan:

Udmurt:

Urdu:

  • Pakistan (with English as co-official language)
  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Uyghur:

Veps:

  • Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Karelian)<ref name=Karelia />

Vietnamese:

Waray:

  • Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, and Tagalog)<ref name="7 mother languages" />

Welsh:

  • Wales (United Kingdom) (with English)

Yakan:

Yiddish:

Yukaghir:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Yukaghir population)<ref name=SLL />

Zhuang:

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Countries and languages lists Template:Portal bar

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