List of Indo-European languages

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File:Indo-European distribution.svg
Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend
File:Indo-European branches map.svg
The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia: Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.
File:Languages of North America.svg
The approximate present-day distribution of Indo-European languages within the Americas by country:
Romance: Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Germanic: Template:Legend Template:Legend

{{#invoke:sidebar|collapsible |pretitle = Part of a series on |titlestyle = padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220); |title = Indo-European topics |image = |listtitlestyle = background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; |listclass = hlist |expanded =

|list1name = Languages |list1title = Languages

|list1 =

Extant

Extinct

Reconstructed

Hypothetical

Grammar

Other

|list2name = Philology |list2title = Philology |list2=

|list3name = Origins |list3title = Origins |list3=

Mainstream

Alternative and fringe

|list4name = Archaeology |list4title = Archaeology |list4 = Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
Pontic Steppe

Caucasus

East Asia

Eastern Europe

Northern Europe

Bronze Age
Pontic Steppe

Northern/Eastern Steppe

Europe

South Asia

Iron Age
Steppe

Europe

Caucasus

Central Asia

India

|list7name = Peoples and societies |list7title = Peoples and societies |list7= Bronze Age

Iron Age Indo-Aryans

Iranians

Nuristanis

East Asia

Europe

Middle Ages
East Asia

Europe

Indo-Aryan

Iranian

|list8name = Religion and mythology |list8title = Religion and mythology |list8 = Reconstructed

Historical

Indo-Aryan

Iranian

Others

European

Practices

|list9name = Academic research |list9title = Indo-European studies |list9 = Scholars

Institutes

Publications

| below = Template:Icon Category

}} This is a list of languages in the Indo-European language family. It contains a large number of individual languages, together spoken by roughly half the world's population.

Numbers of languages and language groups

The Indo-European languages include some 449 (SIL estimate, 2018 edition<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>) languages spoken by about 3.5 billion people or more (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups in Europe, and western and southern Asia, belong to the Indo-European language family. This is thus the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages: by this measure it is only the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the de facto world lingua franca, with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers. Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. Most of the subfamilies or linguistic branches in this list contain many subgroups and individual languages. The relationships between these branches (how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language) are a matter of further research and not yet fully known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family; they are not yet classified in a branch and could constitute a separate branch. The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition,<ref name=":0"/> are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct.

Definition of language

The distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple: in many areas there is a dialect continuum, with transitional dialects and languages. Further, there is no agreed standard criterion for what amount of differences in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and prosody are required to constitute a separate language, as opposed to a mere dialect. Mutual intelligibility can be considered, but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility. Or there may be cases where between three dialects, A, B, and C, A and B are mutually intelligible, B and C are mutually intelligible, but A and C are not. In such circumstances grouping the three dielects becomes impossible. Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a large land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects.

Summary of historical development

The ancestral population and language, Proto-Indo-Europeans that spoke Proto-Indo-European, are estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP). At some point in time, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP), this population expanded through migration and cultural influence. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, acculturation and language change of peoples in many regions of western and southern Eurasia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family. By around 1000 BCE, there were many millions of Indo-European speakers, and they lived in a vast geographical area which covered most of western and southern Eurasia (including western Central Asia). In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further. Indo-European languages continued to be spoken in large land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor were lost to other language families (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (which changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary, due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement. However, from about AD 1500 onwards, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to North Asia (Siberia), through Russian expansion, and North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand as the result of the age of European discoveries and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.) The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of European colonization, also gave origin to the many pidgins, creoles and mixed languages that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).

Proto-Indo-European

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Dating the split-offs of the main branches

Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony

Although all Indo-European languages descend from a common ancestor called Proto-Indo-European, the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent proto-languages, is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated. However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.<ref>KAPOVIĆ, Mate. (ed.) (2017). The Indo-European Languages. Template:ISBN</ref> Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:<ref name=":1">Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press</ref>

David W. Anthony, following the methodology of Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow, proposes the following sequence:<ref name=":1"/>

The list below follows Donald Ringe, Tandy Warnow and Ann Taylor classification tree for Indo-European branches.<ref name="auto5">Ringe, Don; Warnow, Tandy.; Taylor, Ann. (2002). 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics', Transactions of the Philological Society, n.º 100/1, 59-129.</ref> quoted in Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press. The Indo-European phylogenetic tree of subfamilies or branches is also based in Chang, Chundra & Hall 2015, pp. 199–200 and Hyllested & Joseph 2022, p. 241.

Anatolian languages (all extinct)

File:Anatolian Languages in 2nd millennium BC.jpg
Anatolian languages in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: Luwian, Yellow: Hittite, Red: Palaic.

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  • Proto-Anatolian<ref>Kloekhorst, Alwin (2022). "Anatolian". In Olander, Thomas (ed.). The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108758666. ISBN 978-1-108-49979-8. S2CID 161016819</ref>
    • Proto-Luwo-Lydian
    • Proto-Hittite
      • Hittite / Nesite
        • Kanišite Hittite
        • Ḫattuša Hittite

Unclassified (within Anatolian)

Possibly Anatolian

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Tocharian languages (Agnean-Kuchean) (all extinct)

File:Tocharian languages.svg
Tocharian languages: A (blue), B (red) and C (green) in the Tarim Basin.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the Book of Han (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.

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  • Proto-Agnean-Kuchean ("Proto-Tocharian")
    • North-Tocharian<ref>Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan. "Tocharian Online: Series Introduction". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Voynikov, Zhivko. (?). Some ancient Chinese names in East Turkestan and Central Asia and the Tocharian question.</ref>
      • Tocharian A (Agnean) (Turfanian / East Tocharian) (Agni / Ārśi)
      • Tocharian B (Kuchean) (West Tocharian) (Kuśiññe / Kučiññe)
    • South Tocharian

Armenian language

File:Armenian dialects, Adjarian 1909.png
Armenian dialects, according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority.
File:MAPArmenian.png
Modern geographical distribution of the Armenian language.

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  • Proto-Armenian (extinct)
    • Classical Armenian (գրաբար - grabar) (Old Armenian)
      • Liturgical Armenian
      • Middle Armenian (Միջին հայերէն - Miǰin Hayerēn) / Cilician Armenian (կիլիկեան հայերէն - Kilikyan Hayerēn)
        • Modern Armenian (աշխարհաբար - Ashkharhabar)
          • Armenian (հայերեն - Hayerēn) (Broad Armenian) (dialect continuum)
            • Armenian Standards
              • Eastern Armenian (Արեւելահայերեն - Arevelahayerēn)
              • Western Armenian (Արեւմտահայերէն - Arevmdahayerēn)
            • Armenian dialects<ref>Dolatian, Hossep (2024). Adjarian's Armenian dialectology (1911): Translation and commentary. Berlin: Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-489-5.</ref>
              • Eastern Armenian (dialect continuum)
                • -owm dialects
                  • Araratian
                    • Yerevan
                      • Modern Eastern Armenian Standard
                  • Jugha / Julfa
                  • Zok<ref>"A Documentation of the Zok Language (otherwise known as the Armenian dialect of Agulis) | Endangered Languages Archive". www.elararchive.org. Retrieved 2023-03-07.</ref><ref>Vaux, Bert (2007). Zok: The Armenian dialect of Agulis. p. 2.</ref> (could be a distinct armenian language)
                    • Agulis
                    • Meghri
                  • Artsakh / Karabagh Armenian
                  • Eastern Armenian dialects in the diaspora
                    • Tiflis / Tbilisi Armenian
                    • Shamakha (nearly extinct)
                    • Astrakhan Armenian (extinct)
                    • Iranian Armenian dialect (Persian Armenian - պարսկահայերէն - Parskahayerēn)
                      • Northwest Iran Armenian
                        • Tabriz Armenian (Tavrezh)
                      • North Iran Armenian
                        • Tehran Armenian
                      • Central Iran Armenian
                • -el dialects
                  • Ardvin / Tayk
                  • Nor Shirakan
                    • Khoy
                    • Maragha
              • Western Armenian (dialect continuum)
                • -gë dialects
                  • Karin (Erzurum Armenian) / Upper Armenia (Bardzr Hayk')
                  • Turuberan
                  • Van / Vaspurakan
                    • Torfavan
                  • Tigranakert / Aghdznik (Arzanene) (nearly extinct)
                  • Kharpert-Yerznka / (Tsopk') (nearly extinct)
                  • Shabin–Karahisar
                  • Trapizon / Trabzon Armenian (nearly extinct)
                  • Malatia (extinct)
                    • Adiyaman
                  • Cilician Armenian (nearly extinct)
                  • Sueidia / Syrian Armenian
                    • Vakıflı
                    • Kessab
                    • Latakia
                    • Jisr al-Shughur
                    • Anjar
                  • Arabkir (almost extinct)
                  • Akn (almost extinct)
                  • Sebastia / Sivas Armenian (nearly extinct)
                  • Tokat (almost extinct)
                  • Western Armenian dialects in the diaspora
                    • West Anatolia diaspora
                      • Nicomedia / Izmit Armenian
                      • Constantinople / Istanbul Armenian (nearly extinct)
                      • Rodosto / Tekirdağ Armenian (extinct)
                      • Smyrna / Izmir Armenian
                    • Black Sea diaspora
                      • Crimean Armenian
                    • Levant diaspora
                      • Kaghakatsi / Jerusalem Armenian (Armenian Quarter)
                    • European diaspora
                      • Austria-Hungary (extinct)
                    • North American diaspora
                    • South American diaspora
                    • Australian diaspora
                  • Homshetsi<ref>Bert Vaux, "Homshetsma, The language of the Armenians of Hamshen", in Hovann Simonian (2007). The Hemshin: History, Society and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79830-7.</ref> (could be a distinct archaic armenian language)

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Hellenic languages

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File:Modern Greek dialects.png
Modern Greek dialects until 1923<ref>Nikolaos G. Kontosopoulos, "Dialects and Idioms of the Modern Greek", Papyros-Larousse-Britannica (in Greek), 2007, pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-960-6715-39-6.</ref>
File:Anatolian Greek dialects.png
Anatolian Greek until 1923. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.<ref>Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
File:Modern Greek dialects en.svg
The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.

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  • Proto-Greek<ref>Horrocks, Geoffrey (2014). Greek: A history of the language and its speakers, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-78515-7.</ref> (extinct)
    • Mycenaean Greek (extinct)
      • Ancient Greek (Classical Greek) (Ἑλληνική – Hellēnikḗ / Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – Hellēnikḗ glōssa) (extinct) (Dialect continuum)
        • Ancient Greek dialects<ref>Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.</ref><ref>C.D. Buck, The Greek Dialects (1955)</ref>
          • East Greek
            • Central Group (extinct)
            • Eastern Group
              • Ionic (extinct)
                • Ionic Literary Dialect
                • Attic (extinct)
                  • Koine Greek (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos / Kοινὴ – Koinḕ)
                    • Biblical Greek
                    • Medieval Greek / Byzantine Greek) (Ῥωμαϊκή - Rōmaïkē, Romaic - Eastern Roman Empire Greek) (Dialect continuum)
                      • Modern Greek
                        • Greek (ελληνικά – Elliniká) (Broad Greek) (Dialect continuum)
                          • Greek Standards
                            • Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα – Katharevousa) / Old Standard Greek
                            • Demotic (Δημοτική γλώσσα – Dimotikí glṓssa) / Modern Standard Greek
                          • Modern Greek dialects<ref>Hadodo, M. J. (2020). Cosmopolitan Constantinopolitans: Istanbul Greek Language and Identity [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. University of Pittsburgh Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences. 246 p.; 41-43. map</ref><ref>Peter Trudgill (2003): Modern Greek dialects. A preliminary Classification. Journal of Greek Linguistics 4: 54–64</ref>
                            • Southern dialects
                              • Archaic dialects
                              • Ionian-Peloponnesian
                                • Peloponnesian
                                • Ionian Islands
                                • South Euboean
                              • Cretan-Cycladian
                              • Southeastern
                                • Chiote-Ikarian
                                • Dodecanesian
                                • Lycian Greek
                                • Cypriot
                              • North Epirote
                            • Northern dialects
                              • Central dialects ("Semi-Northern")
                                • North Euboean-Sporadic
                                • Skyriot
                                • Mykonian
                                • Desfinan
                                • Lefkadan
                              • Northern Proper
                                • Thessalian
                                • South Epirote
                                • Vourbianian
                                • Kastorian
                                • Naousan
                                • Macedonian Greek
                                • Sarakatsanian (Sarakatsanika)
                                • Thracian Greek
                                • Rumelian Greek
                                • Constantinopolitan Greek
                                • Bithynian Greek
                                • Artakian
                                • Western Anatolian
                                  • North Aegean
                                    • Lesbic (Lesbos Island Greek)
                                    • Lemnic (Lemnos Island Greek)
                                  • Smyrniote (Smyrna Greek)
                                  • Samian (Samos Island Greek)
                            • Greco-Australian
                      • Asia Minor Greek / Anatolian Greek<ref>Petros Karatsareas. (2013): Understanding diachronic change in Cappadocian Greek: The dialectological perspective. Journal of Historical Linguistics 3:2 (2013), 192–229. doi 10.1075/jhl.3.2.02kar</ref>
                      • Italiot Greek<ref> Guardiano, Cristina; Stavrou, Melita (2019-06-12). "Adjective-Noun combinations in Romance and Greek of Southern Italy: Polydefiniteness revisited". Journal of Greek Linguistics. 19 (1): 3–57. doi:10.1163/15699846-01901001. hdl:11380/1188377. ISSN 1569-9846</ref>
                        • Salentinian Greek / Griko (Γκρίκο – Gríko)
                        • Calabrian Greek / Grecanico (Γκραίκο – Graíko)
                      • Yevanic (Judæo-Greek / Romaniote) (probably extinct)
                • West Ionic / Euboean
                  • Chalcidician
                • Central Ionic / Cycladian Ionic / Northern Cycladian
                • East Ionic / Asia Minor Ionic
          • West Greek / Doric / Dorian (extinct)
            • Northwest Greek / Northwest Doric (extinct)
              • Locrian Greek (extinct)
              • Phocian-Delphian
              • Elean
              • Northwest Greek koine
            • Achaean Doric (extinct)
              • Achaean Doric
              • Achaean Doric Koine
            • Doric proper
              • Megarian
              • Corinthian
              • Argolic
              • Laconian
                • Tsakonian (Tσακώνικα – Tsakṓnika / A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα – A Tsakṓnika gloússa)<ref>Nicholas, Nick (2019). "A critical lexicostatistical examination of Ancient and Modern Greek and Tsakonian". Journal of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography. 1 (1): 18–68. doi:10.33910/2687-0215-2019-1-1-18-68</ref>
              • Messenian
              • Cretan
              • Cycladian Doric / Southern Cycladian
                • Thera-Cyrenaean
                  • Thera (Santorini) Island
                  • Cyrenaean Greek
              • Asia Minor Doric
                • Rhodian / Rhodes Island
                • Coan / Cos Island
    • Ancient Macedonian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (extinct)

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Albanian language

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File:Albanian dialects.svg
Distribution of modern Albanian dialects.

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  • Proto-Albanian (extinct)
    • Albanian (Modern Albanian) (shqip / gjuha shqipe) (dialect continuum)
      • Albanian dialects<ref>Adelina ÇERPJA and Anila ÇEPANI, "Albanian dialect classifications" in Dialectologia. Special issue, 11 (2023), 51-87. ISSN: 2013-2247</ref><ref>Baldi, Benedetta; Savoia, Leonardo M. (2017). "Cultura e identità nella lingua albanese" [Culture and Identity in the Albanian Language]. LEA - Lingue e Letterature d'Oriente e d'Occidente. 6 (6): 45–77. doi:10.13128/LEA-1824-484x-22325. ISSN 1824-484X.</ref>
        • Gheg Albanian (gegnisht) (Northern Albanian dialect)
          • Northern Gheg
            • Northwestern Gheg
              • Malësia
              • Kraja
              • Shkodër and Lezhë
            • Northeastern Gheg
              • East Drin basin
              • Nikaj and Mertur
              • Tropoja
              • Kosovë and Metohi / Kosovo Albanian
          • Central / Middle Gheg
          • Southern Gheg
        • Tosk Albanian (toskërisht) (Southern Albanian dialect) (basis of Standard Albanian)
          • Northern Tosk
            • Northwest Tosk
              • Berat
              • Skrapar
              • Vlora
            • Northeast Tosk
              • Opar
              • Devoll
              • Korçë
            • Southeast
            • Middle Vjosa
            • Northern Tosk diaspora
          • Southern Tosk
            • Lab (Labërishtja)
              • East Drinos Valley
              • Bregdeti i Poshtëm
              • Vurg of Delvina
            • Cham (Çamërishte)
              • Souliot Cham (extinct)
          • Transitional Northern-Southern Tosk / Tosk diaspora

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Italic languages

File:Iron Age Italy.png
Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). Italic languages in green colours.
File:Map Length of Roman Rule Neo Latin Languages.jpg
Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
File:Romance languages.png
Romance languages in Europe (major dialect groups are also shown).
File:Romance 20c en.png
European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century
File:Western and Eastern Romania.PNG
Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the La Spezia–Rimini Line; Southern Romance is represented by Sardinian as an outlier.
File:Map-Romance Language World.png
Romance languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: French; Green: Spanish; Orange: Portuguese; Yellow: Italian; Red: Romanian.

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Celtic languages

File:Celts in Europe.png
Diachronic distribution of Celtic language speakers:
Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend
File:A map of the distribution of the Celtic languages.svg
A map of the modern distribution of the Celtic languages. Red: Welsh; Purple: Cornish; Black: Breton; Green: Irish; Blue: Scottish Gaelic: Yellow: Manx. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

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Germanic languages

File:Germanic Languages Map Europe.png
Germanic languages and main dialect groups in Europe after 1945.
File:Germanic languages.svg
Germanic languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.

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Balto-Slavic languages

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File:Balto-Slavic lng.png
Area of Balto-Slavic dialect continuum with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age . Red dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms.
File:Balto Slavic countries.svg
Political map of Europe with countries where a Slavic language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a Baltic language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents East Slavic languages, pale green represents West Slavic languages, and sea green represents South Slavic languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: Eastern Baltic
File:Baltic languages.png
Baltic languages (extinct languages shown in stripes).
File:Slavic languages map en.svg
Slavic languages in Europe . Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.
File:Idioma ruso.PNG
Russian Language – Map of all the areas where the Russian language is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Russian is the biggest Slavic language both in number of first language speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken .

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Baltic languages

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Slavic languages

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Indo-Iranian languages

File:Lenguas indoiranias.PNG
Geographic distribution of modern Indo-Iranian languages. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: Iranic languages. Dark pink: Nuristani languages. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: Indo-Aryan languages. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

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Iranian languages

File:Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects.png
Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects. Indo-Iranian languages descend from the language spoken by the Sintashta Culture people that lived in the plains beyond the southeast Ural Mountains, between the upper Ural and Tobol rivers basins. Old Iranian languages, were spoken in a large Eurasian landmass area that included most of south Eastern Europe, south west Siberia, Central Asia, including parts of western China, and the Iranian Plateau. The Scythian languages, that belonged to the Northern Eastern Iranian languages subgroup, were the ones with the biggest geographical distribution, they were spoken in most of the steppe and desert areas of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, matching most of the western half of the Eurasian steppe, which corresponds to modern southern European Russia and south Russian west Siberia and parts of southern central Siberia, modern southern Ukraine, an enclave in the east Pannonian Basin, in modern Hungary, all of modern Kazakhstan, parts of modern Xinjiang, in Western China, modern Kyrgyzstan, and parts of modern Uzbekistan and modern Turkmenistan.<ref>Simpson, St John (2017). "The Scythians. Discovering the Nomad-Warriors of Siberia". Current World Archaeology. 84: 16–21. "nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia, through southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan, as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Collectively they were known by their Greek name: the Scythians. They spoke Iranian languages..."</ref> Later Scythian languages were also present in northern India by migration of part of the ancient Iranian peoples forming the Indo-Scythians. This was the geographical distribution until the first centuries A.D., after that time, Turkic migration and conquests along with Turkification, made many ancient Iranian languages go extinct.
File:Distribution of Iranian Languages.png
Distribution of modern Iranian Languages

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Nuristani languages

File:Nuristan in Afghanistan.svg
Nuristan Province in Afghanistan, where most speakers live.
File:MAPNuristani.png
Nuristani languages.

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  • Proto-Nuristani (extinct) <ref name="Ancient Kamboja 1981, p 278">See also: Ancient Kamboja, People & the Country, 1981, p 278, These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119–20, K. S. Dardi etc.</ref><ref name="Sir Thomas H p 102-03">Sir Thomas H. Holdich, in his classic book, (The Gates of India, p 102-03), writes that the Aspasians (Aspasioi) represent the modern Kafirs. But the modern Kafirs, especially the Siah-Posh Kafirs (Kamoz/Camoje, Kamtoz) etc are considered to be modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas.</ref>

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Indo-Aryan languages

File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg
Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map. Colours indicate the branches – yellow is Eastern, purple is Dardic, blue is Northwestern, red is Southern, green is Western, brown is Northern and orange is Central. Data is from "The Indo Aryan Languages" as well as census data and previous linguistic maps.
DardicTemplate:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Northwestern Template:Legend Template:Legend Western Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Northern Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Central Template:Legend Template:Legend Eastern Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Southern Template:Legend Template:Legend
File:Indo-Aryan languages grouped.png
Distribution of major Indo-Aryan languages. Urdu is included under Hindi. Romani, Domari, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common. Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend
File:Romany dialects Europe.svg
Romani languages and dialects in Europe. Romani languages are part of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European languages but are spoken out of the Indian Subcontinent. They are related to the Domari languages and are scattered and minority languages in all regions, overlapping with other peoples and their languages in Europe. The Domari and Romani languages are spoken in a vast geographical area from Southwest Asia to Europe and North Africa but are minoritary and scattered in all the regions in part because Domari and Romani speakers, the Doma and the Roma, were traditionally nomadic peoples.

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Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families (?)

See also

Notes

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References

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