X-SAMPA
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Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:IPA notice The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London.<ref name="SAMPA-PDF">Template:Cite web</ref> It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 1993 version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.
SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, as Unicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. However, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA.
Summary
Notes
- The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA.
- X-SAMPA uses backslashes as modifying suffixes to create new symbols. For example,
Ois a distinct sound fromO\, to which it bears no relation. Such use of the backslash character can be a problem, since many programs interpret it as an escape character for the character following it. For example, such X-SAMPA symbols do not work in EMU, so backslashes must be replaced with some other symbol (e.g., an asterisk: '*') when adding phonemic transcription to an EMU speech database. The backslash has no fixed meaning. - X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for
~for nasalization,=for syllabicity, and`for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character_. - The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar:
k_pcodes for Template:IPA. - The numbers
_1to_6are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers. - The IETF language tags registry has assigned Template:Code as the subtag for text transcribed in X-SAMPA.<ref name="IETF">Template:Cite web</ref>
Lower-case symbols
Upper-case symbols
Other symbols
Diacritics
Charts
Consonants
| Consonants (pulmonic) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |||||||||||||
| Manner of articulation ↓ | Bilabial | Labio‐ dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post‐ alveolar |
Retro‐ flex |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn‐ geal |
Epi‐ glottal |
Glottal | |||||
| Nasal | m
|
F
|
n
|
n`
|
J
|
N
|
N\
|
||||||||||
| Plosive | p b
|
p_d b_d
|
t d
|
t` d`
|
c J\
|
k g
|
q G\
|
>\
|
?
|
||||||||
| Fricative | p\ B
|
f v
|
T D
|
s z
|
S Z
|
s` z`
|
C j\
|
x G
|
X
|
R
|
X\
|
?\
|
H\
|
<\
|
h h\
| ||
| Approximant | B_o
|
v\
|
r\
|
r\`
|
j
|
M\
|
|||||||||||
| Trill | B\
|
r
|
* | R\
|
* | ||||||||||||
| Tap or Flap | *† | *† | 4
|
r`
|
* | ||||||||||||
| Lateral Fricative | K K\
|
* | * | * | |||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l
|
l`
|
L
|
L\
|
|||||||||||||
| Lateral Flap | l\
|
* | * | * | |||||||||||||
- Asterisks (*) mark sounds that do not have X-SAMPA symbols. Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, the latter is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA: File:Unicode 0x0475.svg. A convention for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.
| Coarticulated | |
|---|---|
W
|
Voiceless labialized velar approximant |
w
|
Voiced labialized velar approximant |
H
|
Voiced labialized palatal approximant |
s\
|
Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
z\
|
Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
x\
|
Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative |
| Affricates and double articulation | |
|---|---|
ts
|
voiceless alveolar affricate |
dz
|
voiced alveolar affricate |
tS
|
voiceless postalveolar affricate |
dZ
|
voiced postalveolar affricate |
ts\
|
voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
dz\
|
voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
tK
|
voiceless alveolar lateral affricate |
dK\
|
voiced alveolar lateral affricate |
kp
|
voiceless labial-velar plosive |
gb
|
voiced labial-velar plosive |
Nm
|
labial-velar nasal stop |
| Consonants (non-pulmonic) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clicks | Implosives | Ejectives | |||
O\
|
Bilabial | b_<
|
Bilabial | _>
|
For example: |
|\
|
Laminal alveolar ("dental") | d_<
|
Alveolar | p_>
|
Bilabial |
!\
|
Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex") | J\_<
|
Palatal | t_>
|
Alveolar |
=\
|
Laminal postalveolar ("palatal") | g_<
|
Velar | k_>
|
Velar |
|\|\
|
Lateral coronal ("lateral") | G\_<
|
Uvular | s_>
|
Alveolar fricative |
Vowels
See also
- Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet
- List of phonetics topics
- SAMPA, a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA
- SAMPA chart for English
References
<references />
External links
- Computer-coding the IPA: A proposed extension of SAMPA Template:Webarchive
- X-SAMPA to IPA to CXS converter
- Web-based translator for X-SAMPA documents. Produces Unicode text, XML text, PostScript, PDF, or LaTeX TIPA.
- Z-SAMPA, a backward-compatible extension of X-SAMPA sometimes used for conlangs